Parâmetros ósseos de codornas de corte suplementadas com diferentes níveis de vitamina A, de 15 a 35 dias de idade / [Parameters of bone of meat-type quail supplemented with different levels of vitamin A from 15 to 35 days of age]

Avaliou-se o efeito da utilização de níveis crescentes de vitamina A sobre os parâmetros ósseos de codornas de corte de 15 a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 1520 codornas, não sexadas, com peso médio inicial de 85±4,25g, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, totalizando oito tratamentos com cinco repetições e 38 codornas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de oito níveis de suplementação de vitamina A (0; 4.500; 6.000; 7.500; 9.000; 10.500; 12.000 e 13.500UI/kg da dieta). O período experimental foi de 15 a 35 dias de idade. Os ossos analisados apresentaram uma redução linear para o índice de Seedor, resistência óssea e teor de cinzas do fêmur e da tíbia de acordo com os níveis de suplementação de vitamina A. A suplementação de vitamina A para codornas de corte de 15 a 35 dias de idade mostrou resultados negativos para a qualidade óssea, com a necessidade de mais estudos sobre seu antagonismo com a vitamina D.(AU)

This study evaluated the effect of using increasing levels of vitamin A on bone parameters in meat-type quails from 15 to 35 days old. A total of 1520 unsexed quail with an average initial weight of 85g distributed in a completely randomized design, totaling eight treatments with five replicates and 38 quails per experimental unit were used. The treatments consisted of eight vitamin supplementation levels A (0; 4,500; 6,000; 7,500; 9,000; 10,500; 12,000 and 13,500IU / kg diet). The experimental period was 15 to 35 days of age. The bones analyzed showed a linear reduction to the Seedor index, bone strength and ash content of the femur and tibia according to vitamin supplementation levels Vitamin A supplementation for cutting quails from 15 to 35 days of age showed negative results for bone quality, with the need for more studies on its antagonism to vitamin D.(AU)

Levels of supplementation of inorganic selenium and vitamin E for meat quail aged 0 to 14 and 14 to 35 days.

Two experiments were carried out to determine the levels of supplementation of inorganic selenium (Se) and vitamin E (VE) in diets of quails aged 0-14 and 14-35 days old. A completely randomized design was used in a factorial design (Se = 0.1125; 0.2250; 0.3375 and 0.4500 mg kg-1  diet-1  × VE = 10; 23; 36 and 49 IU kg-1  diet-1 ). In experiment 1, quail (n = 2,400) were aged 0-14 days and were divided into 16 treatments, with three replicates of 50 birds. In experiment 2, quail (n = 1,680) were aged 14-35 days and were divided into the same treatments, with three replicates of 35 birds. At age 0-14 days, the levels of VE did not affect performance (p > .05); however, the feed conversion (FC) was influenced by a quadratic effect (p = .0515), according to the level of Se, with a higher level estimated at 0.29 mg Se kg-1  diet-1 . At age 14-35 days, there was a linear effect with interaction (Se × VE), for FC (p = .0150) and weight gain (WG; p = .0266). FC (Se, p = .0048 and VE, p = .0019) and WG (Se, p = .0049 and VE, p = .0068) improved linearly with increasing levels of Se and VE. The feed intake (FI) decreased linearly (p = .0582) as a function of VE. The carcass yield showed a quadratic effect (p = .0056) on the levels of VE, with a higher yield estimation of 27.24 IU VE/kg of diet. It can be concluded that the optimum level of supplementation at age 0-14 days was 0.29 mg Se kg-1  diet-1 and 10 IU VE kg-1  diet-1 and at age 14-35 days, it was 0.4500 mg Se kg-1  diet-1 and 49 IU of VE kg-1  diet-1 .

Níveis de suplementação de vitamina K para codornas de corte em crescimento de 15 a 35 dias de idade / Vitamin K supplementation for meat quail in growth of 15 to 35 days old

O presente experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K para codornas de corte. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com oito tratamentos, cinco repetições e 38 codornas por unidade experimental. Os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K foram: 0; 0,7; 1,0; 1,3; 1,6; 1,9; 2,2; 2,5mg/kg de ração. Não houve influência dos níveis de suplementação de vitamina K sobre o consumo de ração, peso corporal, ganho de peso, biomassa corporal acumulada e conversão alimentar, como também não foram alterados o peso, a densidade óssea, a resistência óssea e a concentração de cinzas no fêmur e na tíbia, o comprimento e o índice de Seedor do fêmur e o diâmetro da tíbia. O diâmetro e a concentração de cálcio no fêmur bem como o comprimento e a concentração de cálcio na tíbia responderam de forma quadrática (P<0,05), sendo os melhores níveis encontrados de 1,33; 1,42; 1,59 e 1,42mg de vitamina K, respectivamente. O tempo de protrombina, a concentração de cálcio no soro e a fosfatase alcalina também não foram afetados significativamente. Conclui-se que os níveis de suplementação não influenciaram o desempenho, portanto rações à base de milho e farelo de soja são suficientes para atender às necessidades de vitamina K das codornas nessa fase.(AU)

An experiment was carried out in order to determine the levels of vitamin K for meat quails. The experimental design was completely randomized with 8 treatments, 5 repetitions and 38 quails per experimental unit. The levels of vitamin K supplementation were 0; 0.7; 1.0; 1.3; 1.6; 1.9; 2.2; 2.5 mg/kg diets. There was no influence in the levels of vitamin K supplementation on feed intake, body weight, weight gain, biomass accumulated body and feed conversion. It also didn't affect the weight, bone density, bone strength and concentration of ash in the femur and tibial, length, index of Seedor femur and tibial diameter. Femur diameter and femur calcium concentration and the tibial length and tibial calcium concentration showed a quadratic response, with the highest levels found 1.33; 1.42; 1.59 and 1.42 mg of vitamin respectively. Prothrombin time, concentration of serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels also were not significantly affected. In conclusion, levels of supplementation did not influence the performance of meat quails, so diets based on corn and soybean meal are sufficient to meet the needs of the meat quails at this stage.(AU)

Effects of selenium supplementation on the oxidative state of acute heat stress-exposed quails.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of heat stress (HS) and selenium supplementation on markers of stress, meat quality and gene expression. For this, meat quails of 42 days of age were fed a diet that either met [0.33 mg/kg, nutritional demand for selenium (SS)] or did not meet [0.11 mg/kg, selenium deficient (SD)] the nutritional demands for selenium during the 7 days of evaluation. In addition, the animals were kept at either a thermal comfort temperature (25 °C) or exposed to HS (38 °C for 24 h). Glutathione synthetase (GSS), glutathione reductase (GSR) and uncoupling protein (UCP) gene expression were influenced by the interaction between temperature and diet. Animals subjected to HS and fed the SS diet exhibited the highest GSS and GSR gene expression. In terms of UCP gene expression, the lowest values were observed in HS animals on the SD diet. Glutathione peroxidase 7 (GPX7) gene expression, body temperature (BT) and creatine kinase (CK) activity were influenced by both selenium supplementation and HS. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and creatinine content all were influenced by the diet/environment interaction. The highest AST activity, ALT activity and creatinine levels were observed in animals that were both on the SD diet and exposed to HS. HS animals also exhibited an increased heterophil/lymphocyte ratio and lower triiodothyronine (T3) hormone levels than birds that remained at the comfortable temperature. Animals subjected to HS and fed with selenium supplemented diet showed better results regarding gene expression and, thus, better results for the activities of enzymes used as stress markers, which could be due to the higher antioxidant capacity provided by the action of the studied genes.

Exigência de valina e isoleucina para codornas de corte no período de um a 14 dias e de 15 a 35 dias de idade / Valine and isoleucine requirement for meat quails in the period of 1 to 14 days and of 15 to 35 days old

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, com o objetivo de estimar a exigência de valina e isoleucina digestível para codornas de corte em crescimento. No experimento 1, foram utilizadas 2.160 codornas de corte de um dia de idade, não sexadas, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 4x4, sendo quatro níveis de valina digestível (0,90, 1,10, 1,30 e 1,50%) e quatro níveis de isoleucina digestível (0,80, 1,00, 1,20 e 1,40%), totalizando 16 tratamentos, com três repetições e 45 codornas por unidade experimental. O peso corporal, o ganho de peso e a biomassa corporal acumulada aumentaram linearmente em função dos níveis de valina digestível e foram influenciados de forma quadrática, estimando 1,38% de isoleucina digestível. No experimento 2, foram utilizadas 1.440 codornas de corte não sexadas, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 4x4, sendo quatro níveis de valina digestível (0,82, 1,02, 1,22 e 1,42%) e quatro níveis de isoleucina digestível (0,73, 0,93, 1,13 e 1,33%), totalizando 16 tratamentos, com três repetições e 30 codornas por unidade experimental. O desempenho de codornas de corte, no período de 15 a 35 dias de idade, não foi influenciado pelo aumento dos níveis de valina e isoleucina digestível nas rações experimentais. Conclui-se que as exigências de valina e isoleucina digestível para o máximo desempenho de codornas de corte, no período de um a 14 dias de idade, foram de 1,50% e 1,38%, respectivamente, correspondendo às relações valina:lisina de 95% e isoleucina:lisina de 88%. Os menores níveis avaliados, no período de 15 a 35 dias de idade, de 0,82% de valina digestível e de 0,73% de isoleucina digestível, correspondendo às relações valina:lisina de 52% e isoleucina: lisina de 46%, foram suficientes para satisfazer as exigências nutricionais das codornas de corte sem comprometer o desempenho.(AU)

Two experiments were carried out in order to estimate the requirements of digestible valine and isoleucine for growing meat quails. In experiment 1, 2160 meat quails with 1 day of age, not sexed, were used, distributed in a completely randomized design with a 4x4 factorial arrangement, with four levels of digestible valine (0.90, 1.10, 1.30, and 1.50%) and four levels of digestible isoleucine (0.80, 1.00, 1.20, and 1.40 %), totaling 16 treatments with three replications and 45 quails per experimental unit. The body weight, the weight gain, and the accumulated body biomass linearly increased in function of digestible valine levels and were influenced in a quadratic way estimating 1.38% of digestible isoleucine. In experiment 2, 1440 meat quails, not sexed, were used, distributed in a completely randomized design with a 4x4 factorial arrangement, with four levels of digestible valine (0.82, 1.02, 1.22, and 1.42%) and four levels of digestible isoleucine (0.73, 0.93, 1.13, and 1.33%), totaling 16 treatments with three replications and 30 quails per experimental unit. The performance of meat quails from 15 to 35 days of age was not affected by increased levels of digestible valine and digestible isoleucine in the experimental diets. It was concluded that the requirements of digestible valine and digestible isoleucine for maximum performance of meat quail from one to 14 days of age were 1.50% and 1.38%, respectively, corresponding to relations: valine: lysine of 95% and isoleucine: lysine of 88%. The lower levels evaluated, in the period of 15 to 35 days old, 0.82% digestible valine and 0.73% of digestible isoleucine, corresponding to relations valine: lysine of 52% and isoleucine: lysine of 46% were sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of meat quails without compromising performance.(AU)

Glicerina semipurificada vegetal e mista na alimentação de coelhos em crescimento / Vegetal and mixed semipurified glycerin in the feeding of growing rabbits

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de determinar a energia digestível da glicerina semipurificada vegetal e mista e o desempenho de coelhos em crescimento alimentados com dietas contendo os coprodutos. No ensaio de digestibilidade, foram utilizados 108 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, com 45 dias de idade, distribuídos ao acaso em nove tratamentos (0, 4, 8, 12 e 16% de inclusão de glicerina vegetal e mista na dieta), com 12 repetições. Para o ensaio de desempenho, utilizaram-se 180 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, dos 32 aos 70 dias de idade, distribuídos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4 (dois tipos de glicerina e quatro porcentagens de inclusão: 3, 6, 9 e 12%) mais uma dieta referência, com 10 repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Glicerinas vegetal e mista apresentaram energia digestível de 4.048 e 3.697kcal/kg MS, respectivamente. Entre 32 e 50 dias de idade dos coelhos, a dieta com 12% de glicerina mista prejudicou (P<0,05) o ganho de peso (32,14 g/dia), a conversão alimentar (3,57) e o custo por quilo de ganho de peso (R$ 2,08) em relação à dieta referência (39,42g/dia, 2,87 e R$1,69, respectivamente). Dos 32 aos 70 dias, o ganho de peso (30,11g/dia) e a conversão alimentar (3,99) dos animais que receberam 12% de glicerina mista na dieta foram piores (P<0,05) em relação aos da dieta referência (34,00g/dia e 3,65, respectivamente). Para as características de desempenho, dos 32 aos 70 dias, não foram verificadas diferenças (P>0,05) entre a inclusão de glicerina vegetal na dieta e a dieta referência, porém a maior viabilidade econômica (P<0,05) foi com 12% de inclusão (R$1,89 x R$2,15, respectivamente). A glicerina vegetal pode ser incluída em até 12% da dieta e a mista, em até 9%, diminuindo o custo de produção sem afetar o desempenho animal.

Two trials were conducted with the goal of determining the digestible energy of vegetal and mixed semi purified glycerin and the performance of growing rabbits fed with diets containing the byproducts. In the digestibility assay 108 New Zealand White rabbits, 45 days old, were used, assigned in a completely randomized design into nine treatments (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% of glycerins inclusion), with 12 replications. The treatment with 0% of glycerin inclusion was considered the reference diet. In the performance assay, 180 New Zealand White rabbits, 32 to 70 days of age, were assigned to a completely randomized design into a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (two types of glycerin and four percentages of inclusion: 3, 6, 9 and 12%) plus a reference diet and ten replications with two animals per experimental unit. Vegetal and mixed glycerin showed a digestible energy of 4,048 and 3,697 kcal/kg of dry matter, respectively. From 32 to 50 days of age, the diet with 12% of mixed glycerin affected (P<0.05) weight gain (32.14g/day), feed conversion (3.57) and cost per kilo of weight gain (R$2.08) in relation to the reference diet (39.42g/day, 2.87 and R$ 1.69, respectively). From 32 to 70 days, weight gain (30.11g/day) and feed conversion (3.99) of the animals fed with the diet containing 12% of mixed glycerin were worst (P<0.05) in relation to the reference diet (34.00 g/day and 3.65, respectively). Regarding characteristics of animal performance, from 32 to 70 days, no differences (P>0.05) were observed between the inclusion of vegetal glycerin in the diet and the reference diet, but better economic viability was verified (P<0.05) with the diet containing 12% of vegetal glycerin (R$1.89 x R$2.15, respectively). Vegetal glycerin can be included up to 12% in the diet and mixed up to 9%, reducing production cost without affecting animal performance.