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Alarmins are immune-activating factors released after cellular injury or death. By secreting alarmins, cells can interact with immune cells and induce a variety of inflammatory responses. The broad family of alarmins involves several members, such as high-mobility group box 1, S100 proteins, interleukin-33, and heat shock proteins, among others. Studies have found that the concentrations and expression profiles of alarmins are altered in immune-mediated diseases. Furthermore, they are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions. The aim of this narrative review is to present the current evidence on the role of alarmins in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and psoriasis. We discuss their potential involvement in mechanisms underlying the progression of these diseases and whether they could become therapeutic targets. Moreover, we summarize the impact of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of these diseases on the expression of alarmins.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Visual snow (VS) is a rare clinical entity in neuro-ophthalmology. It is described as the presence of flickering dots affecting the whole visual field, often compared by patients to snow or pixelated television static. Importantly, it can be an alarming symptom for many patients, lowering their quality of life. Our purpose is to increase awareness of this disease, because many healthcare professionals have difficulty identifying symptoms as the nature of the condition is subjective. In this review, we aimed to describe the updates in the etiology and treatment of visual snow. We searched for articles in English, presenting original data and published after December 2019. Different studies show inconsistent data. Neuroimaging studies found, among other things, hypermetabolism of the lingual gyrus, increased gray matter in different brain areas, and altered connectivity in visual pathways. However, these findings were not present in all patients. According to the literature, among the most effective drugs is lamotrigine. Unfortunately, it also carries a risk of worsening the symptoms. It is crucial to remember that VS can be worsened or induced by alcohol, recreational drugs, and certain medication. In terms of treatment, nonpharmacological approaches such as color filters and repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation were also used. INTERPRETATION: Further studies are needed to understand the nature of VS fully. Even though the pathophysiology and effective treatment of the condition remains unknown, expanding the knowledge about visual snow can impact the comfort of patients.
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Vaccinations are proven to be the most efficient in preventing COVID-19 disease. Nonetheless, some people are skeptical and hesitant. The study aimed to determine factors associated with willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine in the Polish adult population. An online survey consisting of questions regarding (1) demographic information and (2) health issues (the status of vaccination, comorbidities, receiving the flu vaccine and usage of health monitoring apps) was distributed between 13 January and 14 February 2022. Of the 7018 participants who met the study conditions, 76.89% (n = 5396) were females, 22.44% (n = 1575) were males and 0.67% (n = 47) did not specify gender. The median age was 31 years. Among them, 81.82% (n = 5742) were vaccinated and 18.18% (n = 1276) were not. 46.87% (n = 3289) had no chronic co-morbidities. Factors associated with lower odds to receive the vaccine were: being men (p = 0.02; OR = 0.83), having lower education status (p = 0.001, OR = 0.56−0.77), living in a smaller residence area (p < 0.001, OR = 0.47−0.73.), not receiving flu vaccination (p < 0.001, OR = 24.51) and not using health monitoring applications (p < 0.001, OR = 1.56). Health education and communication strategies are needed to achieve large-scale vaccine acceptability and finally herd immunity.
RESUMO
Thyroid disorders account for a majority of endocrine diseases. The most frequent among them are Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroid nodules and cancer with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Many thyroid patients travel a lot and therefore require appropriate guidance from their doctor. The aim of the review article is to discuss various aspects of travel in order to determine the optimal travel conditions for thyroid patients. Thyroid travelers must be well prepared for their journey. They should put particular emphasis on the choice of destination, the season and iodine resources at the planned place of stay. Before going on a journey, they are advised to check their health insurance, buy enough medications, prepare a copy of prescriptions and all other necessary documents. Depending on the means of transport, a few precautions should be taken to avoid infections or worsening of thyroid symptoms during travel. To deal with unpredictable events which might occur at the place of stay, travelers are recommended to take a first-aid kit containing basic medications. It needs to be stressed that many drugs are responsible for thyroid function disruptions and should only be used after consultation with a healthcare professional. Avoiding stress, maintaining good night's rest, as well as following a healthy diet, are all of great importance in managing thyroid diseases. Observing a few simple rules can minimize the frequency of flare-ups and the occurrence of the life-threatening thyroid storm. Traveling is an inseparable element of life for many people. Therefore, ensuring that patients are well informed about how to travel safely may prevent unwanted health events during travel.
