Seed morphometric characteristics of European species of Elatine (Elatinaceae).

Elatine L. contains ca. 25 small, herbaceous, annual species distributed in ephemeral waters in both hemispheres. All species are amphibious and characterized by a high degree of morphological variability. The importance of seed morphology in Elatine taxonomy has been emphasized by many authors. The degree of seed curvature and seed coat reticulation have been traditionally considered very important in recognizing individual species of this genus. Seed morphometric characteristics of 10 Elatine species, including all European native taxa, are provided on the basis of material from two or three populations of each species. A total of 24-50 seeds were studied from each population, altogether 1,260 images were used for the morphometric study. In total, six parameters were measured from SEM pictures: object surface area, profile specific perimeter (object circuit), rectangle of the object (a) length, rectangle of the object (b) width, angle of the seed curvature, and number of pits in the seed coat counted in the middle row. Our study shows that the range of morphological variation of seeds in European species of Elatine is great, both between the species and the populations. Discrimination analysis showed that all six traits significantly differentiate the populations studied (λ = 0.001, p < 0.001), and the greatest contributions were "number of pits", "rectangle_a", and "the angle curvature". Multidimensional scaling based on a correlation matrix of Mahalanobis distance of the six features studied revealed the greatest similarity between the three populations of E. alsinastrum, E. macropoda, and E. hexandra. Regarding interspecific differences, a Kruskal-Wallis tests showed that, in many cases, lack of statistically significant differences between species relative to the studied seed traits. If distinction of species is only based on seeds, especially if only a few seeds are evaluated, the following species pairs can be easily confused: E. alsinastrum and E. orthosperma, E. hexandra and E. macropoda, E. campylosperma and E. hydropiper, as well and E. gussonei and E. hungarica. We found no diversity in seed coat micromorphology within pits that could have potential taxonomic importance. An identification key and descriptions of species are provided on the basis of seeds traits.

Experimental determination of the Stern layer thickness at the interface of the human arachnoid membrane and the cerebrospinal fluid.

The paper is part of an investigation of the electrostatic forces contributing to the interaction between colloidal molecules, suspended in the cerebrospinal fluid, with other molecules of the cerebrospinal fluid and with the surrounding environment. The study is based on experimental observations and theoretical considerations. We are reporting about the microscopic observation of particles suspended in the cerebrospinal fluid which was obtained by lumbar puncture of 27 neurosurgery patients. We found that the mean particle diameter and therefore the mean thickness of the Stern layer at the interface of the arachnoid membrane with the cerebrospinal fluid is a few micrometers. Individual variations of this diameter have been observed.