Oral Surgery in Patients With Sturge-Weber Syndrome.

ABSTRACT: The Sturge-Weber syndrome (SSW) is a congenital neurocutaneous malformation, with angiomas involving the leptomeningea and facial skin. This syndrome is characterized by corticocerebral angiomatosis, cerebral calcifications, ocular affections, mental retardation, increased risk of stroke, counterlateral hemiplegia, and seizures. Another important feature of SSW is the flameus nevus on the face. In the oral cavity, SSW appears as hemangiomatous lesions affecting the mucous membranes and occasionally the dental pulp. Gingival hyperplasia may be present due to the use of anticonvulsant drugs. The present article reports the management of 2 female patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome who required oral surgery in regions affected by hemangiomatous lesions. In the first case, no hemostatic agents were necessary. On the other hand, the second case required the use of several hemostatic agents to control hemorrhage during surgery. Both patients recovered uneventfully without episodes of bleeding or infection.

Management of Complications Related to Removal of the Buccal Fat Pad.

ABSTRACT: Removal of the buccal fat pad (BFP) is an important topic of discussion in the literature. Several studies have reported improvements in facial esthetics as a result of this technique. The BFP is close to vital structures, such as the facial nerve, parotid duct, and vessels. Injuries related to these structures may occur during the surgical procedure. This manuscript aimed to report and discuss 2 clinical cases of the complications after removal of the BFP. Besides the case presentation, a comprehensive review of the literature was also provided. The reported cases were 2 patients aged 31 and 38 years who were attended by the oral and maxillofacial surgery teams after a complication in the BFP surgery. The first case involved swelling due to Stensen's duct injury, and the second involved uncontrolled bleeding from the internal maxillary artery. Removal of the BFP must have precise indications. Complications may occur during or after surgery; hence, anatomical knowledge is fundamental to appropriate patient management.

The Effectiveness of the Low-Level Laser, Antibiotic and Surgical Therapy in the Treatment of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Case Report.

Introduction: Bisphosphonates consist of a range of drugs used in the treatment of osteopathy or some osteotropic malignancies. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a serious adverse consequence of their use. Conventional treatment is not always effective, so it is necessary to resort to the use of adjuvant therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the association of surgery, antibiotic therapy and low-level laser (LLL) therapy as a treatment strategy for MRONJ through the presentation of a clinical case. Case Presentation: A 49-year-old female patient presented for the diagnosis and treatment of bone lesions in the maxillae. The patient reported that she had used zoledronate for 1 year. Five years later there were 2 painless bone lesions on both sides of the maxilla, following the extraction of the first upper molars. Clinical, tomographic and histopathologic examination established the diagnosis of MRONJ. The treatment consisted of the curettage of the necrotic bone, antibiotic and thirteen LLL therapy sessions. Integral mucosal healing was observed after a two-month follow-up and no symptoms were detected. The patient was evaluated at 6 and 12 postoperative months without complications. Conclusion: The combination of surgery, antibiotic therapy, and LLL therapy has shown to be effective in the treatment of MRONJ.

Application of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma on Tooth Extraction Site Prevents Occurence of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws in Rats.

This study evaluated the effects of local application of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the tooth extraction site of rats presenting the main risk factors for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). For seven weeks, senile rats were submitted to systemic treatment with vehicle (VEH and VEH-PRP) or 100 µg/Kg of zoledronate (ZOL and ZOL-PRP) every three days. After three weeks, the first lower molar was extracted. VEH-PRP and ZOL-PRP received PRP at the tooth extraction site. Euthanasia was performed at 28 days postoperatively. Clinical, histopathological, histometric and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out in histological sections from the tooth extraction site. ZOL showed lower percentage of newly formed bone tissue (NFBT), higher percentage of non-vital bone tissue (NVBT), as well as higher immunolabeling for TNFα and IL-1ß. In addition, ZOL presented lower immunolabeling for PCNA, VEGF, BMP2/4, OCN and TRAP. VEH and ZOL-PRP showed improvement in the tooth extraction site wound healing and comparable percentage of NFBT, VEGF, BMP2/4 and OCN. Local application of autologous PRP proved a viable preventive therapy, which is safe and effective to restore tissue repair capacity of the tooth extraction site and prevent the occurrence of MRONJ following tooth extraction.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy improves the alveolar repair process and prevents the occurrence of osteonecrosis of the jaws after tooth extraction in senile rats treated with zoledronate.

This study evaluated the effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the alveolar repair of rats with major risk factors for bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ). Senile rats received 0.45 ml of vehicle (VEH and VEH/aPDT) or 0.45 ml of zoledronate (ZOL and ZOL/aPDT) every three days for seven weeks. After three weeks of treatment, the first lower left molar was extracted. VEH/aPDT and ZOL/aPDT were submitted to aPDT on the extraction site at 0, 2 and 4 days postoperatively. Euthanasia was performed 28 days postoperatively and the extraction site was evaluated by clinical, histological, histometric, histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. ZOL showed tissue repair impairment; lower percentage of newly formed bone tissue (NFBT); higher percentage of non-vital bone tissue (NVBT); fewer mature collagen fibers and increased immunolabeling for tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6. ZOL/aPDT showed clinical and histological characteristics of the extraction site, percentage of NFBT and percentage of mature collagen fiber similar to VEH. Percentage of NVBT and immunolabeling for inflammatory cytokines in ZOL/aPDT was lower than in ZOL. Immunolabeling for tartarato-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) was lower in ZOL and ZOL/aPDT. aPDT in the dental extraction site improves tissue repair process and prevents the occurrence of BRONJ-like lesions after tooth extraction.

Restabelecimento de espaço interoclusal através de osteotomia segmentar da maxila para viabilização de reabilitação protética ­ relato de caso / Restoration of the interocclusal space by segmental maxillary osteotomy for prosthetic rehabilitation viability ­ case report

A perda dentária, quando não tratada, pode causar consequências como más oclusões devido à extrusão dos dentes antagonistas, inclinação e migração de dentes adjacentes, ou até mesmo extrusão de todo o processo alveolar, que comprometem o espaço desdentado inviabilizando a reabilitação protética. Uma opção de tratamento rápido e eficaz é a cirurgia de impacção do segmento dentoalveolar por meio de osteotomia alveolar, usado para o restabelecimento de uma altura óssea adequada para a instalação de próteses ou implantes. Este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever a técnica cirúrgica de osteotomia segmentar da maxila por meio de um relato de caso clínico de envolvimento multidisciplinar entre cirurgiões bucomaxilofaciais e protesistas, no qual o paciente procurou atendimento para reabilitação protética, porém, apresentava diminuição do espaço protético vertical da região posterior da arcada dentária, o que impossibilitava a instalação de próteses. Sendo assim, foi proposta a cirurgia para levantamento do bloco maxilar extruído por meio de osteotomia maxilar em bloco, ostectomia regional, intrusão do bloco e osteossíntese do mesmo. O paciente foi encaminhado para a reabilitação protética necessária com prótese fixa e próteses parciais removíveis. A cirurgia de osteotomia segmentar da maxila permite restabelecer a distância interarcos, possibilitando, assim, a reabilitação protética. Dessa forma, o planejamento protético pré-cirúrgico é crucial para que a cirurgia seja bem indicada e o tratamento alcance os objetivos estéticos e funcionais esperados (AU).

Tooth loss can cause consequences when untreated, such as malocclusions due to extrusion of antagonist teeth, inclination and migration of adjacent teeth, or even extrusion of the entire alveolar process, which compromise toothless space making prosthetic rehabilitation unfeasible. The impaction surgery through alveolar osteotomy is a fast and effective treatment option able to restore a suitable bone height for the installation of prostheses or implants. This paper aims to describe the surgical technique of maxillary segmental osteotomy through a case report with multidisciplinary involvement between bucomaxillofacial surgeons and prosthetists. The patient sought care for prosthetic rehabilitation, but pre-sented lack of vertical space of the posterior region of the dental arch, which made impossible the installation of prostheses. Thus, the surgery for lifting the extracted maxillary block was proposed through maxillary block osteotomy, regional ostectomy, block intrusion, and osteosynthesis. At that time, patient was referred for the necessary prosthetic rehabilitation with fixed prosthesis and removable partial dentures. The segmental osteotomy of the maxilla allows reestablishing the interarch distance enabling the prosthetic rehabilitation. Pre-surgical prosthetic planning is crucial for the well indication of the surgery and the treatment achieves the expected aesthetic and functional goals (AU).

Photomodulation multiple sessions as a promising preventive therapy for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws after tooth extraction in rats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) with multiple sessions of low-level laser on the alveolar repair process of rats with major risk factors for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ). Senile rats received 0.45 mL of vehicle (VEH and VEH-PBM) or 0.45 mL of 100 µg/kg zoledronate (ZOL and ZOL-PBM) administrated intraperitoneally every two days during seven weeks. After three weeks of initiation of drug treatment the first lower left molar was extracted. No local treatment was performed in VEH and ZOL. VEH-PBM and ZOL-PBM were submitted to laser irradiation (660 ±â€¯10 nm; 0.035 W; 2.1 J; 60 s) on the extraction site at 0, 2 and 4 days postoperatively. Euthanasia was performed 28 days after tooth extraction. Histological sections of the hemimandible were submitted to histopathological and histomorphometric analysis, as well as to histochemistry for collagen fiber maturation and immunohistochemistry for pro-inflammatory cytokines. In ZOL, general impairment of tissue repair, areas with osteonecrosis, lower newly formed bone tissue (NFBT), smaller amount of mature collagen fibers and increased immunoreactivity for TNFα, IL-1ß and IL-6 were observed when compared to VEH and VEH-PBM. ZOL-PBM showed significant improvement in some parameters compared to ZOL, such as positive repair tissue, higher NFBT, greater amount of mature collagen fibers, besides TNFα and IL-1ß immunoreactivity decrease. Zoledronate treatment severely compromised the tissue repair process of the tooth extraction site in rats with major risk factors for MRONJ. Based on parameters employed in the present study, PBM in multiple sessions can improve the alveolar repair process, constituting a promising preventive therapy to avoid the onset of post-extraction MRONJ.

Severe Edema After Sclerotherapy of Labial Hemangioma With Ethamolin Oleate in a Young Child.

Adverse reactions related to ethanolamine oleate (EO) include pain during injection, redness, inflammation, tissue necrosis, and allergic reaction. The authors report a patient of exuberant facial edema after the injection of EO used in sclerotherapy of lip hemangioma in a child. A 9-year-old boy was referred to authors' oral and maxillofacial surgery unit to treat a vascular lesion of the upper lip. The lesion has causing enlargement of the middle area of the upper lip, being sessile and resilient by palpation. It was decided to employ sclerotherapy aiming to reduce the size for posterior surgical excision of the residual lesion. The day after the injection, the patient presented intense edema limited to the upper lip, complaining of mild pain. Although side effects reported of EO injection are mild and with almost no clinical significance, major complications like anaphylaxis and severe edema can occur, such in the patient here presented.

Misdiagnosis of Extensive Maxillofacial Infection and Its Relationship with Periodontal Problems and Hyperglycemia.

Background. Complex dental infections can reach distant areas of the alveolar process, invading the secondary fascial spaces. Objectives. This case report aims to show a misdiagnosis of odontogenic infection and a great need for dentist in the hospital environment. Case Report. A male patient presented facial asymmetry and trismus, while the facial CT examination showed a hyperdense mass involving the left masseteric, pterygomandibular, and superficial temporal regions. The patient was then referred to oral oncology center by emergency physician with cancer suspicion. After 15 days, the patient returned to the same emergency room and was attended by the surgical and maxillofacial trauma team, presenting tachycardia, tachypnea, dysphagia, and trismus. During anamnesis, the patient reported being an uncontrolled diabetic. In intraoral exam, a poor oral condition and generalized periodontitis were observed. Results. Correct diagnosis of odontogenic infection was established and adequately treated. Conclusions. Symptomatology bland may mask the severity of an infection; every increase in volume associated with trismus, poor oral hygiene with or without hyperglycemia should be heavily investigated for the presence of an infectious process. It emphasizes the importance of a dentist working with the physician in emergency room.

Efeito do zoledronato sobre o processo de reparo alveolar: estudo envolvendo os principais fatores de risco para a osteonecrose dos maxilares e avaliação da terapia com laser em baixa intensidade e terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana como propostas preventivas / The effect of zoledronate during the alveolar healing process: study of the major risk factors for osteonecrosis of the jaw and evaluation with low-level laser therapy and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy proposed as a preventative

OBJETIVOS: Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar o efeito da terapia com laser em baixa intensidade (LLLT) e da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) no processo de reparo alveolar de ratas com os principais fatores de risco para a osteonecrose dos maxilares associada à terapia medicamentosa (ONMM). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Ratas senis (n=29) foram distribuídas nos grupos: SAL, ZOL, ZOL/LLLT e ZOL/aPDT. Durante sete semanas, a cada dois dias, administrouse pela via intraperitoneal 0,45ml de NaCl 0,9% (SAL) ou 0,45ml desta mesma solução acrescida de 100µg/Kg de zoledronato (ZOL, ZOL/LLLT e ZOL/aPDT). Decorridas três semanas, realizou-se a exodontia do primeiro molar inferior esquerdo. Nos grupos ZOL/LLLT e ZOL/aPDT as ratas foram submetidas respectivamente a LLLT ou aPDT aos 0, 2 e 4 dias pós exodontia. A eutanásia foi realizada 28 dias após a exodontia. No sítio de extração dental foram realizadas análises: histopatológica do processo de reparação tecidual, histométrica da área de tecido ósseo neoformado (ATO) e imunoistoquímica direcionada para os seguintes biomarcadores: PCNA, BAX, C3C, TNFα, IL-1ß, IL-6, HIF-1α, VEGF, CD31, BMP2/4, RUNX-2, OCN, OPG, RANKL e TRAP. RESULTADOS: Os grupos tratados com zoledronato apresentaram maior imunomarcação para OPG e menor imunomarcação para RANKL e TRAP. Em ZOL observou-se áreas de osteonecrose, comprometimento da reparação tecidual, menor ATO, menor imunomarcação para PCNA, HIF-1α, VEGF, CD31, BMP2/4 e OCN, e maior imunomarcação para BAX, C3C, TNFα, IL-1ß, IL-6 e RUNX-2 em relação ao SAL. ZOL/LLLT apresentou melhora em alguns parâmetros em relação ao ZOL (ATO, PCNA, TNFα, HIF-1α, VEGF, CD31 e RUNX-2), no entanto, poucos foram os parâmetros que se igualaram ao SAL (PCNA, HIF-1α, VEGF, CD31 e RUNX-2). ZOL/aPDT não apresentou áreas de osteonecrose, o processo de reparação tecidual não diferiu significativamente de SAL, assim como, os seguintes parâmetros ATO, PCNA, BAX, C3C, IL-1ß, HIF-1α, VEGF, CD31, RUNX-2 e OCN. CONCLUSÕES: O zoledronato compromete o processo de reparação tecidual do sítio de extração dental em ratas com os principais fatores de risco para a ONM-M. LLLT e aPDT são capazes de melhorar eventos relacionados com o processo de reparo alveolar. A aPDT se mostrou a terapia preventiva mais efetiva para evitar a ONM-M. RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: A aPDT pode se constituir em uma alternativa de terapia preventiva para evitar o desencadeamento de ONM-M pós exodontia(AU)

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the alveolar bone repair in rats with the high risk factors for Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Senile rats (n = 29) were distributed into four groups: SAL, ZOL, ZOL/LLLT and ZOL/aPDT. For seven weeks, every two days, 0,45ml 0.9% NaCl (SAL) or 0,45ml of this same solution plus 100µg/kg zoledronate (ZOL, ZOL/LLLT and ZOL/aPDT) were administered intraperitoneally. After three weeks, the first lower left molar was extracted. In ZOL/LLLT and ZOL/aPDT groups, the rats were submitted to LLLT or aPDT therapy at 0, 2 and 4 days after tooth extraction. Euthanasia was performed 28 days after tooth extraction. In dental extraction site was performed the histopathology analysis of the tissue repair, histometric analysis of newly formed bone area (NFB) and immunohistochemistry related to the following biomarkers: PCNA, BAX, C3C, TNFα, IL-1ß, IL-6, HIF-1α, VEGF, CD31, BMP2/4, RUNX-2, OCN, OPG, RANKL and TRAP. RESULTS: The groups treated with zoledronate showed higher immunolabeling for OPG and lower immunolabeling for RANKL and TRAP. In ZOL group was observed areas of osteonecrosis, impairment of wound healing, lower ATO, lower immunolabeling for PCNA, HIF-1α, VEGF, CD31, BMP2/4 and OCN, and higher immunolabeling for BAX, C3C, TNFα, IL-1ß, IL-6 and RUNX-2 when compared to the SAL group. ZOL/LLLT showed improvement in some parameters regarding to ZOL (ATO, PCNA, TNFα, HIF-1α, VEGF, CD31 and RUNX-2), however, few parameters were similar to the SAL (PCNA, HIF-1α, VEGF, CD31 and RUNX-2). ZOL/aPDT did not present areas of osteonecrosis and the tissue repair did not differ significantly from the SAL groups, as well as the following parameters: PCNA, BAX, C3C, IL-1ß, HIF-1α, VEGF, CD31, RUNX-2 and OCN. CONCLUSIONS: The zoledronate compromises the tissue repair of dental extraction site in rats with the high risk factors for MRONJ. LLLT and aPDT were able to improved the events related to wound's healing. The aPDT showed to be the most effective preventive therapy to MRONJ. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The aPDT can be in a preventive therapy to prevent the triggering of MRONJ after dental extraction(AU)

Management of accidental swallowing in implant dentistry.

This report describes a protocol for managing the accidental swallowing of dental instruments in implant dentistry, illustrated by a patient who accidentally swallowed a hexagonal wrench. The first step was to refer the patient to the medical emergency hospital service for radiographic and clinical evaluation. The hexagonal wrench was located in the stomach and was immediately removed with an endoscopic procedure. The gastric mucosa was sampled via biopsy and the sample submitted to the urease test, which was positive for Helicobacter pylori. Triple treatment was instituted for gastritis caused by H pylori to avoid exposing the patient to unnecessary risk. Removal of a foreign body by means of an endoscopic procedure constitutes a safe and effective treatment.