Expression of pp60c-src in adult and developing rat central nervous system.

Brains of adult and fetal (E13-E19) rats were assayed by region for the presence of the proto-oncogene product pp60c-src. pp60c-src was abundant in the adult brain with the highest levels found in the cerebral hemispheres and localized to the cortical cellular layers. In the embryonic nervous system the levels of pp60c-src activity were much higher throughout the brain than those observed in the adult. The expression of pp60c-src was developmentally regulated, but demonstrated a regionally distinct pattern of expression. In the cortex src activity steadily rose during gestation, while in the basal forebrain and midbrain maximal activity was observed at E17 which then declined to adult levels. The data demonstrate that pp60c-src is differentially expressed in regions of the brain, both during development and in the adult.

Tectal transplants into the occipital cortex of the newborn rat.

Embryonic day 15 rostral tectum (presumptive superior colliculus) was transplanted into the occipital cortex of newborn rats. One to two months later, the transplants were visualized and injected with either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with HRP (WGA/HRP). After the appropriate survival time and processing with either diaminobenzidine (DAB) or tetramethylbenzidine tetrahydrochloride (TMB), HRP-labelled pyramidal cells were found in layer V of the host ipsilateral occipital cortex. Thus, the occipitotectal connections are formed between host and graft despite the fact that the fibers must grow in a direction opposite to their normal course to reach the aberrantly positioned tectal graft.

The lamination and connectivity of embryonic cerebral cortex transplanted into newborn rat cortex.

Sheets of frontal or occipital cerebral cortex were taken from embryonic day (E) 15 rat embryos and placed in shallow depressions made in the occipitoparietal region of newborn rats. These transplants developed normal patterns of lamination, which could be in an inverted orientation if the transplant itself was placed upside down. Irrespective of the cortical area of origin of the grafted tissue, the transplants consistently received projections from those host thalamic nuclei that were normally found to innervate the adjacent host cortex. This indicates that immature cortical tissue, up to at least E15, may not contain the information necessary to define the specific thalamocortical connections characteristic of individual areas. On the contrary, the observed input pattern may be the result of sprouting of fibers that normally innervated host cortical regions adjacent to the transplant. Similarly, callosal afferents to transplants seemed to be a direct extension of the callosal input to the host cortex immediately beneath the transplant. Results from HRP studies of callosal connections indicated that transplant efferents to the contralateral cortex are smaller in magnitude than their afferents. This may be related to the superficial location of the transplants, which may limit the access transplant efferents have to the white matter. This study suggests that, while the cortical lamination is largely determined intrinsically, the innervation of the cortex is influenced by the context in which it develops.

Embryonic cerebral cortex placed in the occipital region of newborn rats makes connections with the host brain.

Embryonic cerebral cortex transplanted to the occipito-parietal region of newborn rats makes connections with the host brain. Retrograde labeling studies after injection of HRP into transplants showed input from the contralateral cortex and ipsilateral thalamus of the host. Transplant projections to the host thalamus and striatum have also been identified.

The central pathways of optic fibres in Xenopus tadpoles.

A cobalt chloride impregnation technique was applied to the optic nerve in Xenopus tadpoles and the central optic pathways were examined in cleared, whole-mounted preparations, and in thick sections. The overall plan of the optic input was visualized in relation to the outlines of the parts of the brain and details of the structure of the tectal optic neuropil, the neuropil of Bellonci and the basal optic neuropil were seen. The fibres in the main retinotectal tract maintained an orderly disposition with respect to each other, in contrast to the fibres of the basal optic tract, in which no order was apparent. Optic fibres were seen passing caudally from the region of the basal optic neuropil.