Foraging ecology of critically endangered Eastern Pacific hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Gulf of California, Mexico.

The Eastern Pacific hawksbill sea turtle population is one of the most endangered of all sea turtle species. Here, we examine the foraging ecology of 47 hawksbill turtles (40.5-90.3 cm CCL, mean = 54.1 ± 10.1 cm) around Isla San José, Gulf of California, Mexico by integrating information from passive acoustic telemetry, behavior recordings, fecal analysis, and habitat surveys. Tagged hawkbill turtles exhibited high site fidelity over months and years (tracking duration 1-1490 days, mean = 255 ± 373 days) to the location and benthic habitat where individuals were initially caught. Diet was dominated by benthic invertebrates and algae including sponges, algae, tunicates, and mangrove roots. The mean percent cover of these benthic food items was significantly greater in the mangrove estuary than in adjacent rocky and sandy reef habitats. The Isla San José foraging ground is a high-use area for hawksbills and should be granted national protection status.

Variation in Photosynthetic Performance Relative to Thallus Microhabitat Heterogeneity in Lithothamnion australe (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) Rhodoliths.

Rhodoliths are free-living, coralline algae that create heterogeneous structure over sedimentary habitats. These fragile ecosystems are threatened by anthropogenic disturbances that reduce their size and three-dimensional structural complexity. We investigated how physical disturbance from boat moorings affects photosynthetic performance in the rhodolith Lithothamnion australe. Photosynthetic parameters were measured for intact rhodoliths and crushed rhodolith fragments of two sizes (ca. 1 and 2 cm diameter), while chlorophyll fluorescence was measured at the surface of rhodoliths of these two sizes, between the interior branches of the larger rhodoliths, and at the surface of 52 various sized (0.4-3.5 cm diameter) rhodoliths. Gross productivity and net productivity were 15% and 36% higher, respectively, in the smaller L. australe, while respiration was 10% higher in the larger individuals. Thallus crushing reduced gross productivity by 20% and 41%, and net productivity by 9% and 14% in the smaller and larger rhodoliths, respectively. It also reduced respiration by 33% and 60% in the smaller and larger rhodoliths, respectively. Fluorescence parameters were all greater at the surface of the larger L. australe than the smaller individuals, and greater at the surface than in the interior parts of the larger individuals. Across a range of rhodolith sizes, surface fluorescence parameters were at their maxima in 1.54 to 2.32 cm diameter individuals. These results show that L. australe's complex structure creates heterogeneity in photosynthesis and respiration between their surface and interior parts and among rhodolith sizes. This information can help predict how rhodoliths may respond to disturbance and environmental stressors.

The Healthy Heart: Lessons from Nature's Elite Athletes.

The incidence of cardiovascular disease in humans is more than three times that of many wild and domestic mammals despite nearly identical heart morphologies and responses to exercise. A survey of mammalian species from 0.002-kg shrews to 43,000-kg whales shows that the human heart is more dog-like than cat-like and that neither body size nor longevity accounts for the relative vulnerability to cardiovascular disease. Rather, a major difference is daily activity patterns, which may underlie the comparatively healthy hearts of wild mammals.