A retrospective analysis of risk factors for IPP reservoir entry into the peritoneum after abdominal wall placement.

Placement of an inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) is the most effective treatment modality for men with ED refractory to medical management. We have previously demonstrated a protocol for IPP reservoir placement within the abdominal wall musculature, which was shown to be a safer location than traditional placement in the retropubic space of Retzius. The aim of this study was to review our complications with IPP reservoir entry into the peritoneum after abdominal wall placement of the reservoir. We retrospectively reviewed our two patients with peritoneal entry of the reservoir after posterior to transversalis fascia and anterior to transversalis fascia placement during virgin and compromised IPP cases, respectively. Our goal was to assess common inherent patient and surgical factors that resulted in this complication in order to develop a management algorithm to prevent future occurrence during alternative reservoir placement. Peritoneal reservoir entry was identified in two patients. These patients were both noted to be thin (mean body mass index (BMI) 18.5 kg/m2), current or former smokers. Peritoneal entry was identified early after reservoir placement. Neither of the patients suffered bowel injury and both subsequently underwent successful reservoir removal and IPP replacement. Both are currently doing well with functional IPPs on follow-up. Peritoneal entry of the reservoir occurs very rarely and, in our series, occurred in a cohort of patients with low BMI and tobacco use history. We recommend early identification of similar patients and subsequent reservoir placement anterior to transversalis fascia with caution to prevent peritoneal entry.

Nocturia in men.

Nocturia is a common source of sleep disturbance in men and can result from many different causes. A patient-generated frequency/volume chart, along with several simple mathematical formulas, is used to classify nocturia according to its principal aetiology. The categories are nocturnal polyuria (NP), reduced voided volumes, 24-h polyuria and a combination of the aforementioned factors. Identification of the precise type of nocturia can help direct treatment in the cause-specific manner. In particular, use of the antidiuretic desmopressin can be of benefit in those with NP and may also be useful as part of a combination treatment approach in nocturia of mixed aetiology.

Evaluation of the etiology of nocturia in men: the nocturia and nocturnal bladder capacity indices.

To determine and quantify the cause of nocturia in men, we describe and evaluate the relative contribution of two complementary indices of nocturia: the nocturia index (Ni), a measure of nocturnal urine overproduction, and the nocturnal bladder capacity index (NBCi), reflective of nocturnal bladder capacity. The records of 100 consecutive men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), having undergone video-urodynamic studies (VUDS), were prospectively studied. Evaluation included American Urological Association symptom score (AUASS), micturition diary (day, night, and 24-hr voided volume), and VUDS. Voiding diary analysis was carried out as previously described by us, determining the Ni, NBCi, and nocturnal polyuria index (NPi) (nocturnal urine volume/24-hr urine volume). In the case of AUASS question #7 (degree of nocturia), the odds of having a severe AUA question #7 response was found to be 4.09 times higher for patients with NBCi > 2.0 compared with patients whose NBCi was 2 as highly significant in defining diminished NBC as a factor in the etiology of nocturia. In addition, we propose Ni of 1.5 as a threshold greater than which nocturia may be attributed to nocturnal urine overproduction in excess of maximum bladder capacity. Together, these indices describe in quantitative fashion the relative contributions of nocturnal urine overproduction and diminished NBC in identifying the etiology of nocturia in male patients. Neurourol. Urodynam. 18:559-565, 1999.

Nocturia in adults: etiology and classification.

Nocturia is one of the most bothersome of all urologic symptoms, yet even a rudimentary classification does not exist. We herein propose a classification system of nocturia based on a retrospective study. The records of 200 consecutive patients with nocturia were reviewed. Evaluation included history, micturition diary (including day, night, and 24-hr voided volume), postvoid residual urine (PVR), and videourodynamic study (VUDS). Functional bladder capacity (FBC) was determined to be the largest voided volume in a 24-hr period. The etiology of nocturia was thus classified into one of three groups: nocturnal polyuria ([NP] in which voided urine volume during the hours of sleep exceeds 35% of the 24-hr output), nocturnal detrusor overactivity ([NDO] defined as nocturia attributable to diminished bladder capacity during the hours of sleep), and mixed (NP+NDO); polyuria (24-hr urine output >2,500 cc) was classified separately. There were 129 women and 65 men ranging in age from 17 to 94 years (x=59). Overall 13 (7%) had NP, 111 (57%) NDO, and 70 (36%) had a mixed etiology of their nocturia (both NP and NDO). Forty-five (23%) also had polyuria. These data confirm that the etiology of nocturia is multifactorial and in many instances unrelated to the underlying urologic condition. Nocturnal overproduction of urine is a significant component of nocturia in 43% of patients, most of whom will also have NDO. We believe that treatment should be directed at both conditions.