A systematic review of validated sinus surgery simulators.

BACKGROUND: Simulation provides a safe and effective opportunity to develop surgical skills. A variety of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) simulators has been described in the literature. Validation of these simulators allows for effective utilisation in training. OBJECTIVE OF REVIEW: To conduct a systematic review of the published literature to analyse the evidence for validated ESS simulation. SEARCH STRATEGY: Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane and Cinahl were searched from inception of the databases to 11 January 2017. EVALUATION METHOD: Twelve thousand five hundred and sixteen articles were retrieved of which 10 112 were screened following the removal of duplicates. Thirty-eight full-text articles were reviewed after meeting search criteria. Evidence of face, content, construct, discriminant and predictive validity was extracted. RESULTS: Twenty articles were included in the analysis describing 12 ESS simulators. Eleven of these simulators had undergone validation: 3 virtual reality, 7 physical bench models and 1 cadaveric simulator. Seven of the simulators were shown to have face validity, 7 had construct validity and 1 had predictive validity. None of the simulators demonstrated discriminate validity. CONCLUSION: This systematic review demonstrates that a number of ESS simulators have been comprehensively validated. Many of the validation processes, however, lack standardisation in outcome reporting, thus limiting a meta-analysis comparison between simulators.

Penetrating neck injuries: a guide to evaluation and management.

Introduction Penetrating neck injury is a relatively uncommon trauma presentation with the potential for significant morbidity and possible mortality. There are no international consensus guidelines on penetrating neck injury management and published reviews tend to focus on traditional zonal approaches. Recent improvements in imaging modalities have altered the way in which penetrating neck injuries are now best approached with a more conservative stance. A literature review was completed to provide clinicians with a current practice guideline for evaluation and management of penetrating neck injuries. Methods A comprehensive MEDLINE (PubMed) literature search was conducted using the search terms 'penetrating neck injury', 'penetrating neck trauma', 'management', 'guidelines' and approach. All articles in English were considered. Articles with only limited relevance to the review were subsequently discarded. All other articles which had clear relevance concerning the epidemiology, clinical features and surgical management of penetrating neck injuries were included. Results After initial resuscitation with Advanced Trauma Life Support principles, penetrating neck injury management depends on whether the patient is stable or unstable on clinical evaluation. Patients whose condition is unstable should undergo immediate operative exploration. Patients whose condition is stable who lack hard signs should undergo multidetector helical computed tomography with angiography for evaluation of the injury, regardless of the zone of injury. Conclusions The 'no zonal approach' to penetrating neck trauma is a selective approach with superior patient outcomes in comparison with traditional management principles. We present an evidence-based, algorithmic and practical guide for clinicians to use when assessing and managing penetrating neck injury.

The role of transnasal oesophagoscopy in the management of globus pharyngeus and non-progressive dysphagia.

Introduction Transnasal oesophagoscopy is a relatively new method of examining the upper aerodigestive tract via the nasal passage as an outpatient procedure without the need for sedation. It has been shown to be a well tolerated, safe and accurate technique, that can therefore be used in the investigation of patients thought to have globus pharyngeus and other non sinister causes of dysphagia. Methods A total of 150 consecutive patients undergoing transnasal oesophagoscopy were analysed retrospectively. Results The main indications for this procedure were non-progressive dysphagia (n=68, 45%) and globus pharyngeus (n=60, 40%). Transnasal oesophagoscopy was normal in 65% of patients and 42% of patients were discharged from clinic at the same appointment with no further investigation. The most common positive findings were laryngeal erythema (13%) and oesophagitis (10%). Conclusions Transnasal oesophagoscopy is a useful adjunct to the management of patients with the symptoms of globus pharyngeus and non-progressive dysphagia.

A novel surgical method of managing a high output pharyngostome.

Pharyngocutaneous fistulas following large oncological surgical resection of the upper aerodigestive tract are common and typically heal over a number of weeks. A pharyngostome is a surgically created non-healing opening into the pharynx, which is far less common and often difficult to manage.

A novel surgical method of managing a high output pharyngostome.

Pharyngocutaneous fistulas following large oncological surgical resection of the upper aerodigestive tract are common and typically heal over a number of weeks. A pharyngostome is a surgically created non-healing opening into the pharynx, which is far less common and often difficult to manage.

Muckle-Wells syndrome: a treatable cause of congenital sensorineural hearing loss.

Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS) is a rare autosomal dominant condition with variable expression. It is a subset of auto-inflammatory diseases characterised by recurrent inflammatory crises and is associated with chronic recurrent urticaria, sensorineural deafness, periodic arthritis and secondary amyloidosis. The diagnosis of MWS is a clinical one with sufferers classically presenting in childhood with a moderate fever and non-pruiginous urticaria. We describe a case of a six-year-old girl who was successfully diagnosed and treated with Anakinra. Muckle and Wells originally described this syndrome in 1962; however, only recently was it discovered to be genetically linked to chromosome 1q44 and subsequently to missense mutations in the CIAS1/NALP3/PYPAF1 gene. Since then, treatment has evolved and it remains one of few treatable causes of congenital profound sensorineural hearing loss.

Benefits of combined modality treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck: single institution experience.

BACKGROUND: There is ongoing debate surrounding the roles of surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy in the management of primary and recurrent Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck. This study assessed the influence of local excision, margin status, adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy on locoregional recurrence and survival. METHOD: A retrospective review of 54 consecutive cases of head and neck Merkel cell carcinoma at a single institution. RESULTS: Median disease-specific survival time was 120 months. Forty-four per cent of patients developed locoregional recurrence. Combined treatment with surgery and locoregional radiotherapy improved diseasespecific survival. Radiotherapy was associated with longer time to recurrence and regional recurrence. Irradiation of the regional nodes improved regional control, irrespective of clinical status. Margin-negative excision was not associated with improved local control. Combined modality treatment of recurrent disease resulted in a four-fold improvement of local control, but small numbers prevented this trend from reaching statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Surgical excision of the primary disease and clinically involved regional nodes, plus adjuvant radiotherapy to the surgical bed and regional nodes are recommended for all patients with Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck, irrespective of clinical status. Recurrent disease should be aggressively treated with combined modality treatment.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Sudden onset sensorineural hearing loss is a medical emergency that continues to be poorly understood despite being recognized in the literature since 1944 (De Kleyn, 1944). A commonly used criterion to qualify for this diagnosis is a sensorineural hearing loss over three contiguous pure-tone frequencies of 30 dB or more that develops within 72 hours. The vast majority of cases are unilateral and the estimated annual incidence is 20 per 100 000 persons (Nosrati-Zarenoe et al, 2007). A cause for the hearing loss is only identified in up to 10% of cases but 50% of patients will improve spontaneously (Penido et al, 2009).