Modelling of the Face-Milling Process by Toroidal Cutter.

When face milling using a toroidal cutter, with a change in the depth of the cut, the entering angle varies as well. An experimental test of the influence of cutting parameters, such as the depth of the cut and the feed per tooth on the cutting force components and surface roughness parameters, was conducted. The experimental test was carried out using a DMU 100 monoBLOCK CNC machine with registration of cutting force components and surface roughness parameters Ra, Rz, and RSm. FEM analysis of the face-milling process was also carried out and compared with the experimental results. The average deviation of the FEM values for cutting force components does not exceed 12%. Experimental models were established for each force component. It was shown that the depth of the cut has the strongest influence on each force component. The feed per tooth has a little impact on the cutting force. The obtained model of the feed force component is the most complex, and the model of the Fa component is only linear. The influence of the ap parameter on the surface roughness parameters is nonlinear and nonmonotonic. In the range of approx. ap = 2 mm, there is a maximum surface roughness.

Emotional and physical abuse in family: survey among high school adolescents.

AIM: To determine the prevalence of different forms of child abuse among high school pupils in Slavonski Brod, Croatia. METHOD: The study included 2140 first and fourth-grade pupils aged between 14 and 18 years from all 10 high schools in Slavonski Brod and the area (4 grammar and 6 vocational schools). The pupils were asked to complete an anonymous structured questionnaire during a 45-minute class. The questionnaire, developed for the needs of this study, collected basic demographic data on family life and experience of emotional or physical abuse. RESULTS: First-grade pupils were more satisfied with their family life than fourth-grade pupils (96.9% vs 91.3%, P<0.001, chi(2) test). The feeling of being insufficiently loved or unloved was reported by 17.5% of the first-grade and 24.6% of the fourth-grade pupils and a greater percentage of pupils whose parents were divorced or who had a step-parent. Almost 80% of pupils had been verbally or nonverbally punished for disobedience. Emotional abuse was significantly associated with female sex (Nagelkerke R(2)=0.87, beta=0.474, P=0.028), younger age (beta=1.263, P<0.001), and alcoholism in the family (beta=2.037, P<0.001. Physical punishment for disobedience was reported significantly more often by first-grade than fourth-grade pupils (15.6% vs 12.9% P=0.021, chi(2) test). Physical abuse was significantly associated (Nagelkerke R2=0.69) with younger age (Beta=0.379, P<0.012), emotional abuse (Beta=0.665, P<0.002), alcoholism in the family (Beta=1.791, P<0.001) and the lack of parental love (Beta=-0.645, P<0.001). Possible sexual molestation was admitted by 6.0% boys and 3.3% girls. CONCLUSION: Most high school pupils in Slavonski Brod were satisfied with their life at home. Disobedience was usually punished verbally or by aggressive behavior of the parents. Physical punishment was less common and usually did not result in serious injuries.