RESUMO
Two-dimensional mixtures of dipolar colloidal particles with different dipole moments exhibit extremely rich self-assembly behaviour and are relevant to a wide range of experimental systems, including charged and super-paramagnetic colloids at liquid interfaces. However, there is a gap in our understanding of the crystallization of these systems because existing theories such as integral equation theory and lattice sum methods can only be used to study the high temperature fluid phase and the zero-temperature crystal phase, respectively. In this paper we bridge this gap by developing a density functional theory (DFT), valid at intermediate temperatures, in order to study the crystallization of one and two-component dipolar colloidal monolayers. The theory employs a series expansion of the excess Helmholtz free energy functional, truncated at second order in the density, and taking as input highly accurate bulk fluid direct correlation functions from simulation. Although truncating the free energy at second order means that we cannot determine the freezing point accurately, our approach allows us to calculate ab initio both the density profiles of the different species and the symmetry of the final crystal structures. Our DFT predicts hexagonal crystal structures for one-component systems, and a variety of superlattice structures for two-component systems, including those with hexagonal and square symmetry, in excellent agreement with known results for these systems. The theory also provides new insights into the structure of two-component systems in the intermediate temperature regime where the small particles remain molten but the large particles are frozen on a regular lattice.
RESUMO
Polymethyl methacrylate exhibits excellent physical properties. Unfortunately, complete dentures fabricated from this material may still fracture. Maxillary complete dentures opposing natural dentition may have a tendency to develop recurrent midline fractures due to multiple reasons. A potential method of preventing this fracture is metal reinforcement of the palatal portion of the prosthesis. A technique will be presented describing a sequence that incorporates predictable design, fabrication and finishing of a metal palate for a maxillary complete denture.
Assuntos
Ligas Dentárias , Bases de Dentadura , Planejamento de Dentadura , Prótese Total Superior , Palato , Resinas Acrílicas , Ligas Dentárias/química , Falha de Restauração Dentária , Desgaste de Restauração Dentária , Seguimentos , Humanos , Arcada Edêntula/reabilitação , Masculino , Má Oclusão Classe II de Angle/reabilitação , Polimetil Metacrilato/química , Estresse MecânicoAssuntos
Bactérias Aeróbias Gram-Negativas/citologia , Microbiologia da Água , Ágar , Proteínas de Bactérias , Membrana Celular , Movimento Celular , Parede Celular , Meios de Cultura , Grânulos Citoplasmáticos , Flagelos , Glucose , Bactérias Aeróbias Gram-Negativas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hidroxibutiratos , Microscopia Eletrônica , Microscopia de Contraste de Fase , Organoides , Esferoplastos/citologia , Coloração e RotulagemAssuntos
Enterobacter/enzimologia , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Oxirredutases/biossíntese , Pseudomonas/enzimologia , Temperatura , Ágar , Benzoatos , Cloranfenicol/farmacologia , Meios de Cultura , Indução Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Cinética , Oxirredutases/análise , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzimologia , Pseudomonas fluorescens/enzimologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
We investigated the influence of temperature, in the range of 45 to 5 C, on the rate of oxidation of glucose and citrate by intact cells and cell-free extracts of psychrophilic Bacillus psychrophilus and mesophilic B. thuringiensis. Both glucose and endogenous oxidation by whole and disrupted cells of the psychrophile decreased more slowly with decrease in temperature than did glucose and endogenous oxidation by whole and disrupted cells of the mesophile. Similar results were obtained for the oxidation of citrate by cell-free extracts. Since substrate permeability is not involved in the oxidative metabolism of the cell-free extracts, we concluded that the internal enzymes of the psychrophile differ from those of the mesophile.
Assuntos
Bacillus/metabolismo , Temperatura , Sistema Livre de Células , Glucose/metabolismo , OxirreduçãoRESUMO
The morphological and physiological characteristics of 20 isolates of psychrophilic Bacillus were compared with 29 strains representing nine species of mesophilic Bacillus and 2 strains of Sporosarcina ureae to determine the taxonomic position of the psychrophiles. The psychrophiles formed four distinct groups which were sufficiently different from the mesophiles to warrant their designation as new species of Bacillus. The names B. psychrosaccharolyticus, B. insolitus, B. globisporus, and B. psychrophilus are proposed for the new species.
Assuntos
Bacillus/classificação , Sarcina/classificação , Bacillus/citologia , Bacillus/metabolismo , Temperatura Baixa , Sarcina/citologia , Sarcina/metabolismoAssuntos
Glucose/farmacologia , Bactérias Aeróbias Gram-Negativas/metabolismo , Acetatos/metabolismo , Alanina/metabolismo , Meios de Cultura/farmacologia , Repressão Enzimática , Glucose/metabolismo , Glutamatos/metabolismo , Bactérias Aeróbias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Piruvatos/metabolismo , Serina/metabolismoRESUMO
The oxidative and fermentative activities of a psychrophilic bacterium (strain 82), whose maximal growth temperature is 35 C, were completely destroyed by exposure of the cells to 46 C for about 1 hr, whereas those of mesophilic Escherichia coli were unaffected. Similar results were obtained with cell-free extracts. In attempts to determine some of the specific enzymes inactivated in strain 82 by exposure to 46 C, it was found that reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase was completely inactivated at 46 C in 2 hr. Also, cytochrome c reductase was completely destroyed at 46 C in 1 hr and was 70% destroyed at 40 C in 2 hr. The heat lability of the latter may determine the maximal growth temperature of the organism. In addition, the results indicated that the enzymes of strain 82 involved in the clastic split of pyruvate to formate and acetate are inactivated by exposure to 46 C and that the lactic and glycerol dehydrogenases are more heat-labile than those in E. coli. Succinic, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-alcohol, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases, however, in both strain 82 and E. coli, were essentially unaffected by exposure to 46 C for 2 hr.
Assuntos
Bactérias/enzimologia , Temperatura Alta , Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Succinato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Temperatura Baixa , Colorimetria , Citocromos/metabolismo , Fermentação , Oxirredução , EspectrofotometriaRESUMO
Larkin, J. M. (Washington State University, Pullman), and J. L. Stokes. Isolation of psychrophilic species of Bacillus. J. Bacteriol. 91:1667-1671. 1966.-Ninety psychrophilic isolates of Bacillus were obtained from soil, mud, and water by selective enrichment at 0 C. They grew well at 0 C, optimally at 20 to 25 C, and failed to grow at 30 or 35 C. Their minimal and maximal growth temperatures were lower than those for mesophilic species of Bacillus by 10 C or more. Growth of psychrophilic isolates also occurred at -2 and -4.5 C, and both spore formation and spore germination occurred at 0 C.
Assuntos
Bacillus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bacillus/isolamento & purificação , Temperatura Baixa , Técnicas In Vitro , TemperaturaRESUMO
Johnson, A. H. (Washington State University, Pullman), and J. L. Stokes. Manganese oxidation by Sphaerotilus discophorus. J. Bacteriol. 91:1543-1547. 1966.-Cell suspensions of Sphaerotilus discophorus in 0.02 m potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) readily oxidized MnSO(4) to dark-brown manganic oxide. The latter appeared to be MnO(2), since its color was the same as MnO(2) and, like the latter, it was readily soluble in HCl with the evolution of chlorine. The amount of O(2) consumed in the oxidation of Mn(++) was 63% or more of theoretical. The ability of the cells to oxidize Mn(++) was destroyed by heating the cells at 93 C for 5 min. Only cell suspensions prepared from cultures of S. discophorus grown with MnSO(4) were able to oxidize Mn(++). It was concluded that the oxidation of manganous ions by S. discophorus is catalyzed by an inducible enzyme(s).
Assuntos
Bactérias Aeróbias Gram-Negativas/metabolismo , Manganês/metabolismo , Enzimas , Temperatura Alta , Técnicas In Vitro , Oxirredução , Consumo de OxigênioAssuntos
Citosina , DNA Bacteriano , Bactérias Aeróbias Gram-Negativas , Guanina , Centrifugação , Técnicas In VitroRESUMO
To obtain information on the importance of psychrophiles in nature, 95 samples of soil, water, mud, and various foods were quantitatively assayed for their content of psychrophilic bacteria and fungi and also for mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria and fungi. Thousands to millions of psychrophilic bacteria were present per gram of soil and represented 0.5 to 86% of the bacterial population. Also, about 25% of the fungi in uncultivated soil were psychrophilic. In stream and river water, psychrophilic bacteria constituted 16 to 47% of the bacterial population; in lake water, 41 to 76%; and in lake mud, 11 to 33%. Large numbers of psychrophilic bacteria were present in dairy products, meats, and other foods, and accounted for 35 to 93% of the bacterial population of meats. In contrast, thermophilic bacteria usually comprised 1% or less of the bacterial population in all of the materials examined. The data indicate that psychrophiles are both ubiquitous and numerous in nature, and probably play important roles in the cycles of matter.