Evolutionary relationships among Ascochyta species infecting wild and cultivated hosts in the legume tribes Cicereae and Vicieae.

Evolutionary relationships were inferred among a worldwide sample of Ascochyta fungi from wild and cultivated legume hosts based on phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), as well as portions of three protein-coding genes: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G3PD), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF) and chitin synthase 1 (CHS). All legume-associated Ascochyta species had nearly identical ITS sequences and clustered with other Ascochyta, Phoma and Didymella species from legume and nonlegume hosts. Ascochyta pinodes (teleomorph: Mycosphaerella pinodes [Berk. & Blox.] Vestergen) clustered with Didymella species and not with well characterized Mycosphaerella species from other hosts and we propose that the name Didymella pinodes (Berk. & Blox.) Petrak (anamorph: Ascochyta pinodes L.K. Jones) be used to describe this fungus. Analysis of G3PD revealed two major clades among legume-associated Ascochyta fungi with members of both clades infecting pea ("Ascochyta complex"). Analysis of the combined CHS, EF and G3PD datasets revealed that isolates from cultivated pea (P. sativum), lentil (Lens culinaris), faba bean (Vicia faba) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) from diverse geographic locations each had identical or similar sequences at all loci. Isolates from these hosts clustered in well supported clades specific for each host, suggesting a co-evolutionary history between pathogen and cultivated host. A. pisi, A. lentis, A. fabae and A. rabiei represent phylogenetic species infecting pea, lentil, faba bean and chickpea, respectively. Ascochyta spp. from wild relatives of pea and chickpea clustered with isolates from related cultivated hosts. Isolates sampled from big-flower vetch (Vicia grandiflora) were polyphyletic suggesting that either this host is colonized by phylogenetically distinct lineages of Ascochyta or that the hosts are polyphyletic and infected by distinct evolutionary lineages of the pathogen. Phylogenetic species identified among legume-associated Ascochyta spp. were fully concordant with previously described morphological and biological species.

Preferences and intake measures of salt and sugar, and their relation to personality traits.

The inter-relationship of personality with dietary intake of salt and sugar, and with hedonic responses to saltiness and sweetness, was examined among 62 female and 38 male university students. Thirty-five personality traits were assessed using five standard questionnaires: (1) Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF), (2) Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS), (3) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), (4) Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC), and (5) Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS). Dietary intakes of salty and of sweet foods were estimated from dietary-frequency questionnaires. Hedonic responses to sodium chloride in beef broth and to sucrose in lemonade were measured by category scaling of like/dislike and by ad libitum addition to maximum preference. While subjects with a high salt intake liked saltier broths (p less than 0.05), a similar relationship was not found for sugar intake and sweetness preferences. Hedonic scaling of both saltiness and sweetness was highly related to the ad libitum results. Only a few significant personality effects were observed. The more outgoing individuals liked sweeter lemonade than the more reserved subjects, and subjects who felt they had self-control over their health liked lower levels of salt in broth, while those who felt that chance or others controlled their health liked higher levels. Using personality traits as independent variables in step-wise multiple regression analysis accounted for 13% of the variance in the concentrations of salt and sugar, respectively, which received maximum hedonic responses.

Antibiotic prophylaxis of subacute bacterial endocarditis for adult patients by dentists in Dade County, Florida.

To determine compliance with 1977 American Heart Association (AHA) recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis (AbP) of subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE), we mailed a questionnaire to 1019 licensed dentists from Dade County, Florida. Of the 614 practicing dentists who responded, 97.7% believe that AbP prevents SBE and 94.2% always obtain a cardiac history from new patients. AbP is given to patients with known rheumatic or other valvular heart disease by 98.9% of responders and to patients with known prosthetic heart valves by 81.5%. The majority of dentists prescribe the antibiotics recommended by the AHA, but the dosage, route, frequency and duration of therapy are usually not according to AHA guidelines. AbP completely consistent with these guidelines is prescribed by 15.4% of dentists for patients with heart disease and by only 6.7% of dentists for patients with prosthetic heart valves. The AHA recommends parenteral AbP for most patients with prosthetic heart valves, but approximately 80% of dentists use only oral agents for these patients. We conclude that most dental patients predisposed to SBE receive AbP, but not in accordance with AHA guidelines. The widest deviation occurs among patients with prosthetic heart valves.

El preescolar de 2 a 5 años

Los autores presentan en esta obra los aspectos fundamentales del desarrollo y de la conducta del niño de 2 a 5 años, relaciones interpersonales, juego, realidad y fantasía, dominio de materiales, conciencia de sí mismo, temores, conciencia del crecimiento y de la continuidad, pensamiento, dominio del lenguaje, percepción, diferencias sociales y subculturales del conocimiento, etc

El preescolar de 2 a 5 años

Los autores presentan en esta obra los aspectos fundamentales del desarrollo y de la conducta del niño de 2 a 5 años, relaciones interpersonales, juego, realidad y fantasía, dominio de materiales, conciencia de sí mismo, temores, conciencia del crecimiento y de la continuidad, pensamiento, dominio del lenguaje, percepción, diferencias sociales y subculturales del conocimiento, etc