Novel Flurbiprofen Derivatives as Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Synthesis, In Silico, and In Vitro Biological Evaluation.

In this study, we present the synthesis of five novel compounds by combining flurbiprofen with various substituted 2-phenethylamines. The synthesized derivatives underwent comprehensive characterization using techniques such as 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Detailed HRMS analysis was performed for each of these newly created molecules. The biological activities of these compounds were assessed through in vitro experiments to evaluate their potential as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Furthermore, the lipophilicity of these derivatives was determined, both theoretically using the cLogP method and experimentally through partition coefficient (RM) measurements. To gain insights into their binding affinity, we conducted an in silico analysis of the compounds' interactions with human serum albumin (HSA) using molecular docking studies. Our findings reveal that all of the newly synthesized compounds exhibit significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, with results statistically comparable to the reference compounds. Molecular docking studies further explain the observed in vitro results, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms behind their biological activities. Using in silico method, toxicity was calculated, resulting in LD50 values. Depending on the administration route, the novel flurbiprofen derivatives show lower toxicity compared to the standard flurbiprofen.

Students' mental health during the pandemic: results of the observational cross-sectional COVID-19 MEntal health inTernational for university Students (COMET-S) study.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to search rates of depression and mental health in university students, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study. A protocol gathering sociodemographic variables as well as depression, anxiety and suicidality and conspiracism was assembled, and data were collected anonymously and online from April 2020 through March 2021. The sample included 12,488 subjects from 11 countries, of whom 9,026 were females (72.2%; aged 21.11 ± 2.53), 3,329 males (26.65%; aged 21.61 ± 2.81) and 133 "non-binary gender" (1.06%; aged 21.02 ± 2.98). The analysis included chi-square tests, correlation analysis, ANCOVA, multiple forward stepwise linear regression analysis and Relative Risk ratios. Results: Dysphoria was present in 15.66% and probable depression in 25.81% of the total study sample. More than half reported increase in anxiety and depression and 6.34% in suicidality, while lifestyle changes were significant. The model developed explained 18.4% of the development of depression. Believing in conspiracy theories manifested a complex effect. Close to 25% was believing that the vaccines include a chip and almost 40% suggested that facemask wearing could be a method of socio-political control. Conspiracism was related to current depression but not to history of mental disorders. Discussion: The current study reports that students are at high risk for depression during the COVID-19 pandemic and identified specific risk factors. It also suggested a role of believing in conspiracy theories. Further research is important, as it is targeted intervention in students' groups that are vulnerable both concerning mental health and conspiracism.

Prevalence and clinical picture of premenstrual syndrome in females from Bulgaria.

BACKGROUND: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and its more severe form premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are highly prevalent conditions, but there seems to be ethnic and cultural variances in their distribution. AIMS: To explore the prevalence of PMS/PMDD and their typical clinical features in a Bulgarian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This investigation was designed and executed as a cross-sectional descriptive study. Three hundred and five conveniently recruited females with no psychiatric history filled in a self-evaluation questionnaire based on DSM-IV tapping on different symptoms of PMS. The prevalence of the conditions was calculated. RESULTS: 32.1% (N = 98) of the tested females (mean age 31.04 ± 6.31) suffered from PMS and 3.3% (N = 10) were diagnosed with PMDD. The leading symptoms in the sample were irritability, fatigue and changes in appetite, depressed mood, mood swings, and anxiety, and abdominal bloating, breast tension and tenderness. Most of the symptoms were moderately severe. Mild and moderate cases of PMS were near equally distributed and more frequent than severe ones. CONCLUSION: PMS is a common condition which is usually mildly expressed, but severe cases are not an exception. The clinical picture is dominated by almost equally distributed psychological and somatic symptoms.

Enhanced Catalytic Degradation of Acid Orange 7 Dye by Peroxymonosulfate on Co3O4 Promoted by Bi2O3.

In this study, Bi2O3-Co3O4 composite oxides were prepared and their catalytic efficiency to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) towards the degradation of Acid Orange 7 dye (AO7) was evaluated. The characterization of the synthesized catalysts was carried out by XRD, TEM, XPS, FT-IR, and ICP-OES analyses. The increased basicity of the Bi2O3-Co3O4 hybrids contributed to the much better catalytic activity in PMS activation resulting in a considerably higher rate of AO7 degradation compared to that obtained with bare Co3O4. The sample with 50 wt.% Bi2O3 showed the best performance under a broad pH range with very low Co leaching of 72 mg/L even under acidic conditions. Degradation of 50 mg/L AO7 reached almost 100% within a short duration of 12 min by using very low catalysts concentration of 0.1 g/L and [PMS]/[AO7] = 6. The influence of the Bi2O3 content, catalyst dosage, molar ratio of [PMS]/[AO7], initial pH, and temperature on AO7 degradation were studied. Surface-bound sulfate radicals generated in the Bi2O3-Co3O4/PMS oxidation system were proved as the predominant radical species through radical quenching experiments.

Women, Partners, and Mothers-Migratory Tendencies of Psychiatric Trainees Across Europe.

Introduction: Combining a successful career with family planning has become increasingly important in recent years. However, maintaining a relationship, deciding upon the optimal time for pregnancy and other family planning decisions can still be quite challenging, especially for junior doctors whose training is long and demanding. Currently, women form an important part of the medical workforce, and there is noticeable feminization in migration. However, little is known about the personal characteristics of junior doctors in Europe and how these play a role in their decision to migrate. Methods: Survey of psychiatric trainees in 33 European countries, exploring how personal characteristics, such as gender, relationship status and parenthood, impact their attitudes toward migration. Results: 2,281 psychiatric trainees in Europe took part in the study. In this sample, the majority of psychiatric trainees were in a relationship, but only one quarter had children, although there were variations across Europe. Both men and women indicated personal reasons as their top reason to stay. However, women ranked personal reasons as the top reason to leave, and men financial reasons. Single woman were the most likely of all subgroups to choose academic reasons as their top reason to leave. Interestingly, when women were in a relationship or had children, their attitudes toward migration changed. Conclusions: In this study, a low number of psychiatric trainees in Europe had children, with differences across Europe. These findings raise awareness as to the role of parental conditions, which may be favoring or discouraging parenthood in junior doctors in different countries.

Factors that influence access to mental health services in South-Eastern Europe.

INTRODUCTION: Access to mental health (MH) services is unequal worldwide and changes are required in this respect. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to identify the delay to the first psychiatry consult and to understand patients' characteristics and perspectives on the factors that may influence the delay, among a sample of participants from three Southeastern European Countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The WHO Pathway Encounter Form questionnaire was applied in 400 patients "new cases" and a questionnaire on the factors influencing the access was administered to the same patients, as well as to their caretakers and MH providers. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS: The average profile of the patient "new case" was: married female older than 40 years, with an average economic status and no MH history. The mean delay was up to 3 months and the most important factors that were influencing the delay were stigma and lack of knowledge regarding MH problems and available current treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Future policies trying to improve the access to psychiatric care should focus on increasing awareness about MH problems in the general population.

Preparation, characterization and catalytic activity of NiOx and NiOx/ZrO2 for oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution.

In the present study bulk NiO(x) and supported NiO(x)/ZrO(2) catalysts have been prepared. The bulk NiO(x) was synthesized using the precipitation-oxidation method with reverse order of precipitation while deposition-precipitation technique was used for the preparation of zirconia supported catalyst. The as-prepared samples were characterized by means of XRD, HRTEM, SAED, IR-spectroscopy, and chemical analyses. It was found that under the applied synthesis procedure nanosized and highly dispersed oxide materials with high active oxygen content were obtained. The catalytic activity and selectivity of these oxide catalysts have been studied in reaction of low-temperature oxidation of phenol in aqueous phase. The effects of several parameters such as catalyst amount, temperature and solution pH on the degradation efficiency of the process were also investigated. Experimental results demonstrated that phenol could be completely degraded under all reaction conditions, except at pH = 12.

Bipolar disorder - from endophenotypes to treatment.

INTRODUCTION: There are a lot of unresolved issues associated with the classification, diagnosis, clinical management and understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of bipolar affective disorder. AIM: To search for discrete endophenotypes in BAD. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We studied various bipolar I and II and recurrent depression patient samples and healthy controls using descriptive data, self and clinician-rated scales for neurological and psychopathological symptoms, neurocognitive instruments, and inventories for temperamental and characterological features. We also looked into the efficacy, tolerability and cost/benefit ratio of sodium valproate in the treatment of acute mania. RESULTS: BAD patients display deficits in the domains of memory, selective attention, working memory and psychomotor speed. Sensory, motor and complex neurological soft signs can be considered part and parcel of the symptomatology of BAD. The evidence linking hyperthymic temperament to the bipolar spectrum is not supported, while cyclothymia seems to be a marker of vulnerability to affective psychopathology. In contrast to others, we found significantly lower self-transcendence in BAD patients compared to controls. Early age of onset, abrupt onset, lability of mood and energy with late-day brightening and activation, discriminate bipolar from unipolar depression. Sodium valproate (especially if started intravenously) is a highly efficacious, cost-effective treatment approach for acute mania. CONCLUSION: The discovery of BAD endophenotypes can enhance early diagnosis, prevent errors in treatment and help elucidate the genetic vulnerability for this grave disease.