Estimates of per capita fish consumption in the U.S. based on the continuing survey of food intake by individuals (CSFII).

This paper presents estimates of daily average per capita fish consumption by age and gender for the 48 conterminous states. The estimated consumption rates are reported for three fish habitats: freshwater/estuarine fish, marine fish, and all fish. The estimates were generated from the combined 1989, 1990, and 1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), a national food consumption survey conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Point and interval estimates of per capita fish consumption were generated from the empirical distribution of daily average per capita consumption. The point estimates include the mean, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles. Ninety percent confidence intervals are provided for the estimated mean and 90% bootstrap intervals are provided for percentile estimates. Information in a recipe file provided by USDA was used to calculate the amount of fish in recipes which contain fish. The estimated consumption rates are based on the weight of fish in its prepared or "as consumed" condition. The estimated mean consumption rate for all fish for the U.S. population of the 48 conterminous states was 15.65 grams/person/day (C.I.:14.67-16.63) of which 4.71 grams/person/day (C.I.:4.17-5.25) was freshwater/estuarine fish and 10.94 grams/person/day (C.I.:10.14-11.73) was marine fish.

Upper-normal prediction limits of lymphocyte counts for cattle not infected with bovine leukemia virus.

A study was conducted to develop valid estimates of lymphocyte count (LC; cells per microliter) of individual, clinically normal dairy cattle. Estimated weighted regression was used on repeated measures of individual LC to examine 6 models predicting LC as a function of age in cattle not infected with bovine leukemia virus. The generalized growth curve model of analysis of variance was used to estimate intercepts, slopes, and prediction limits for the models and to compare the LC-to-age relationship between Holstein and Guernsey breeds. The best-fitting model (P = 0.0001) with the narrowest prediction interval was LC = 4,414.4 - 84.6X, where X = (age -48) if age less than or equal to 48 months, and X = 0 if age greater than 48 months, and 163.6 and 8.1 are the SE of the estimates, respectively. Upper one-sided 95%-predicted normal LC tended to be higher than estimates derived from traditional hematologic keys that use confidence limits of mean LC. Difference was not found in the LC-to-age relationship between the Holstein and Guernsey cattle (P = 0.67). Results of this study provided estimates of normal LC that are more specific in diagnosing lymphocytosis in individual cattle.

Effects of birth weight and sociodemographic variables on mental development of neonatal intensive care unit survivors.

Neonatal intensive care unit survivors (N = 494) from 10 tertiary care centers were evaluated over the first 4 to 5 years of life to determine the relative contributions of birth weight and sociodemographic factors to mental development. Six sociodemographic factors were studied: sex, race, family income, and mother's marital status, age, and educational level; the last five factors also are known to be associated with premature birth. Mental development was measured with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (12 to 24 months) and the Stanford Binet Intelligence Test (4 to 5 years). Each factor's influence was assessed by multivariate analysis. Birth weight had limited long-term implications; at 4 to 5 years, only infants with birth weights less than 1000 gm had significantly lower scores than those in other birth weight categories. Sociodemographic variables had a greater impact on mental development, with age-dependent differences found between nonwhite and white children and between children with mothers of low, medium, and high educational levels.

Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of profluralin and trifluralin.

The degradation of profluralin [N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine] and trifluralin (alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) was studied under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Three soils (Goldsboro loamy sand, Cecil loamy sand, Drummer clay loam) were each treated with 1 ppmw herbicide; anaerobic conditions were maintained by flooding. Soil samples were extracted monthly and subjected to TLC analysis. No degradation was detected in sterile controls. Aerobic degradation of both herbicides was greatest in the Cecil loamy sand soil over the entire incubation period. Degradation of profluralin in Cecil soil under aerobic conditions was 86 percent after 4 months with three products detected; 83 percent of the trifluralin was degraded with two products detected. Anaerobic degradation accounted for 72 percent of the profluralin and 78 percent of the trifluralin after 4 months. Degradation of both herbicides increased with incubation time for the first 3 months and decreased slightly thereafter. Generally there was more extensive degradation (percent and in number of products formed) of profluralin than trifluralin under the conditions tested. More degradation products were detected for both herbicides under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions.