[A new approach to improving air in habitable pressurized modules].

Habitable pressurized modules, including space cabin, should provide ecologically efficient and physiologically auspicious conditions. The regenerated air should be comparable with fresh air of the natural environment humans belonged with over thousand years of evolution. Air scrubbing system GALOINHALATOR IGK-02 (MAI, patent No. 2209093) comprises eco-pure minerals from the salt rocks in Verkhnekamsk (the Urals). The portable automatic system controls air saturation with negative light aeroions and fine salt aerosols at preset levels. The laboratory, clinical and model tests demonstrated bactericide and bacteriostatic effects of air produced by GALOINHALATOR and the mineral ability to adsorb harmful volatile admixtures. Breathing decontaminated and ionized air during long stay in a pressurized module is beneficial to human performance, immunity, and chronic diseases prevention.

Dystrophin in limb skeletal muscle fibers and creatinkinase leakage after acute +3 Gz acceleration in rhesus monkeys.

Intensive muscle tension induces significant blood accumulation of enzymes and structural proteins of the muscle origin. Altered macromolecular permeability of the sarcolemma is attributed to integrity of sarcolemmal cytoskeleton, mainly to dystrophin-sarcoglycan (DSG) complex. It is known that intensive tension of the antigravity extensor muscles is observed under conditions of gravitational overloading. We assumed that acute exposure to hypergravity would lead to serum accumulation of creatine phosphokinase (CK) associated with considerably altered integrity of the dystrophin layer in fibers of extensor muscles.

The dynamics of blood biochemical parameters in cosmonauts during long-term space flights.

Most of the previously obtained data on cosmonauts' metabolic state concerned certain stages of the postflight period. In this connection, all conclusions, as to metabolism peculiarities during the space flight, were to a large extent probabilistic. The purpose of this work was study of metabolism characteristics in cosmonauts directly during long-term space flights. In the capillary blood samples taken from a finger, by "Reflotron IV" biochemical analyzer, "Boehringer Mannheim" GmbH, Germany, adapted to weightlessness environments, the activity of GOT, GPT, CK, gamma-GT, total and pancreatic amylase, as well as concentration of hemoglobin, glucose, total bilirubin, uric acid, urea, creatinine, total, HDL- and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides had been determined. HDL/LDL-cholesterol ratio also was computed. The crewmembers of 6 main missions to the "Mir" orbital station, a total of 17 cosmonauts, were examined. Biochemical tests were carried out 30-60 days before launch, and in the flights different stages between the 25-th and the 423-rd days of flights. In cosmonauts during space flight had been found tendency to increase, in compare with basal level, GOT, GPT, total amylase activity, glucose and total cholesterol concentration, and tendency to decrease of CK activity, hemoglobin, HDL-cholesterol concentration, and HDL/LDL - cholesterol ratio. Some definite trends in variations of other determined biochemical parameters had not been found. The same trends of mentioned biochemical parameters alterations observed in majority of tested cosmonauts, allows to suppose existence of connection between noted metabolic alterations with influence of space flight conditions upon cosmonaut's body. Variations of other studied blood biochemical parameters depends on, probably, pure individual causes.

[Effects of a long-term space flight on human biochemical status]. / Vliianie dlitel'nogo kosmicheskogo poleta na biokhimicheskii status organizma cheloveka.

Biochemical status of cosmonauts was examined during long (4-6 months) space flights. A Reflotron device and test strips with an active principle based on "dry chemistry" methods were used. Blood plasma samples were collected from the finger for later laboratory analyses. Parameters characterizing metabolic status and functions of various body systems and organs were tested in blood and plasma samples. Space flight was found associated with increased peripheral blood levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, lactate, total protein, lactate dehydrogenase and amylase activities. The detected shifts were reversible. A hypothesis on minimal levels of energy metabolism under conditions of weightlessness was confirmed by reduced malate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase activities in the blood during the flights. No correlation between the detected shifts and space flight duration was revealed.

[The main trends in the development of the equipment for physiological studies on the Earth and in space]. / Osnovnye tendentsii v razvitii apparatury dlia fiziologicheskikh issledovanii na zemle i v kosmose.

Recent advances in electronics and computers are widely used in present-day physiological equipment. Microprocessors are part of hardware complexes and nonstandard equipment. This increases significantly experimenter's capabilities in terms of experimental control and data processing and storage. These trends acquire great significance for the production of space-oriented research equipment in which automation of experimental control and data processing is highly important. Examples of experimental equipment for space physiology studies designed and developed through cooperative efforts of the USSR, socialist countries, NASA, ESA, and CERMA are considered.

Manned expedition to Mars: concepts & problems.

In this article presents general concept of interplanetary spacecraft and bio-medical aspect of long interplanetary flight, the problems of technical supply for their solving. Presents version of the programme of the flight to Mars. This paper discusses the main specific factors of the flight: after long duration of being in the microgravity state, the men are subjected to the pressure of lineary and shock overload, augmented radiation, caused by crossing Earth radiation belts possible solar flares and the influence of galactic space radiation, and etc. The concept biomedical problems and technical supply for their solving are schematic reflected in tables 1, 2, 3, 4.