School and language performance in children born with low birth weight.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the impact of birth weight on the development of metalinguistic skills and performance in reading, writing, and arithmetic in students aged 6 to 10 years, enrolled from the 1st to the 4th grade of Elementary School in public schools of the metropolitan region of São Paulo. METHODS: The concurrent cohort included 315 students. Birth weight was the exposure variable, and the outcomes were performance in receptive and expressive language, oral metalinguistic skills, and performance in writing, arithmetic, and reading. The tools employed were the Test of Language Competence (TLC) and the School Performance Test (SPT). Students were grouped into quartiles by birth weight for data analysis (P1: < 2170 g, P2: from 2171 g to 2450 g, P3: from 2451 g to 3150 g, and P4: > 3150 g). RESULTS: The authors observed a tendency for the lower performance of the two groups with lower birth weights in listening comprehension and oral expression. The lower-weight group tended to perform poorly compared to the other groups vis-à-vis reading. In the global result of the SPT, worse performance was observed in the students in the first quartile compared to the others (p = 0.019). The multivariate analysis revealed no association between birth weight and results in the tests applied after adjusting for maternal schooling. CONCLUSIONS: Birth weight can interfere with oral and written language development. However, the determination of these processes occurs in the face of complex interaction that includes sociodemographic factors, especially family support and maternal schooling.

School and language performance in children born with low birth weight

Abstract Objectives To identify the impact of birth weight on the development of metalinguistic skills and performance in reading, writing, and arithmetic in students aged 6 to 10 years, enrolled from the 1st to the 4th grade of Elementary School in public schools of the metropolitan region of São Paulo. Methods The concurrent cohort included 315 students. Birth weight was the exposure variable, and the outcomes were performance in receptive and expressive language, oral metalinguistic skills, and performance in writing, arithmetic, and reading. The tools employed were the Test of Language Competence (TLC) and the School Performance Test (SPT). Students were grouped into quartiles by birth weight for data analysis (P1: < 2170 g, P2: from 2171 g to 2450 g, P3: from 2451 g to 3150 g, and P4: > 3150 g). Results The authors observed a tendency for the lower performance of the two groups with lower birth weights in listening comprehension and oral expression. The lower-weight group tended to perform poorly compared to the other groups vis-à-vis reading. In the global result of the SPT, worse performance was observed in the students in the first quartile compared to the others (p= 0.019). The multivariate analysis revealed no association between birth weight and results in the tests applied after adjusting for maternal schooling. Conclusions Birth weight can interfere with oral and written language development. However, the determination of these processes occurs in the face of complex interaction that includes sociodemographic factors, especially family support and maternal schooling.

Leptin and adiponectin concentrations in infants with low birth weight: relationship with maternal health and postnatal growth.

Health in pregnancy and infancy can affect the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. We aimed to describe leptin and adiponectin concentrations in low birth weight (LBW) infants and identify possible associations with maternal nutritional status, adequacy for gestational age, nutritional recovery, and current dietary intake. A cross-sectional study with LBW infants (9-12 months) including maternal background and pre-pregnancy nutritional condition was performed. From the Infants: anthropometry at birth and current was expressed as z-score (weight: WAZ, length, head circumference), nutritional recovery, dietary intake, leptin, and adiponectin blood concentrations. The mean age of the 54 infants was 10.0 ± 1.5 months, 32 (59.3%) were female, 36 (66.7%) preterm, 23 (42.6%) small for gestational age (SGA), and 25 pregnancies (46.3%) were twin. Almost all (98%) of the infants intake energy and protein above the recommendation, and 47 (87.6%) consumed ultra-processed foods. At the time of the assessment, 8 (14.8%) were overweight and 4 (7.4%) had short stature. SGA infants showed faster weight recovery (WAZ 1.54; 95% CI 1.17, 1.91; p = 0.001), higher leptin's concentration (3.0 ng/ml (1.7, 3.0) versus 1.6 ng/ml (0.9, 2.6); p = 0.032)), and leptin/adiponectin ratio (0.13 ± 0.08 versus 0.07 ± 0.07; p = 0.018). The pre-gestational BMI was a modifier of the effect of WAZ on leptin levels (p = 0.027) in LBW infants. Higher pre-gestational BMI increased the effect of WAZ variation (birth and current) on leptin levels. Concluding, LBW infants showed early changes in leptin and adiponectin concentrations, influenced by maternal (pre-gestational BMI), intrauterine (gestational age adequacy - SGA), and postnatal weight gain. This combination of factors may increase the risk of NCD for this group of children.

Body Mass Index and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents with High Birth Weight.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aimed to identify a possible association among high birth weight with overweight/obesity, high arterial blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in children and adolescents. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with 719 children and adolescents (6-12 years) stratified according to birth weight (low birth weight [LBW] <2,500 g, adequate birth weight [ABW] 2,500-3,999 g, and high birth weight [HBW] ≥4,000 g). Data collected were anthropometric data, arterial blood pressure levels, lipid profile, and insulin resistance (fasting glucose and insulin, used to calculate homeostatic model assessment-IR). RESULTS: The mean age of schoolchildren was 9.5 ± 2.0 years and 371 (51.6%) were male. LBW and HBW were observed in 79 of 719 (10.9%) and 40 of 719 (55.6%) children/adolescents, respectively. There was no increased risk of overweight (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.4-2.1; p = 0.964) and obesity (OR 1.4; 95% CI 0.6-3.5; p = 0.588) in HBW group compared to LBW and ABW groups. HBW was not associated with high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. The LBW group was independently associated with higher values of systolic (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.05-1.10; p < 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.00-1.07; p = 0.044). CONCLUSION: There was no association between HBW with overweight/obesity and classic cardiovascular risk factors in this group of children/adolescents. Only LBW was related to higher blood pressure levels.

Does low birth weight affect the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese children?

UNLABELLED: Recent findings suggest that low-birth-weight children with current obesity are more likely to have higher systolic blood pressure levels and impaired ß-cell function than those who are obese with normal birth weight. It seems possible, however, that concurrent low birth weight with excess weight gain can exacerbate other risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of birth weight on the lipid/apolipoprotein profile, visfatin levels, and insulin parameters in overweight/obese children. A cross-sectional study of 68 overweight/obese children was conducted. Among these children, 28 were identified with low birth weight and 40 were of normal birth weight. Blood lipid profile, apolipoproteins, visfatin, glucose, and insulin were measured. Our results show that systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels, triglycerides (TG), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), apolipoprotein B and E, insulin, apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio, and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly elevated in overweight/obese low-birth-weight (LBW) children. There was a significant association of the SBP levels with TG (P=0.027), LDLc (P=0.001), HOMA-IR (P<0.001), apolipoprotein B (P=0.001), and apolipoprotein E (P=0.039). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that LBW children with overweight or obesity have an additional risk factor for both atherogenic and insulinogenic profile.

Association of ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with birth weight, blood pressure levels, and ACE activity in healthy children.

BACKGROUND: The human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene contains a polymorphism consisting of either an insertion (I) or a deletion (D) of a 287 bp Alu repetitive sequence in intron 16. The potential role of ACE polymorphism in the risk of developing hypertension or other cardiovascular disorders has not been determined in relation to birth weight (BW). METHODS: The ACE genotype and plasma ACE activity were determined in 167 children. Among these children, 60 were identified with low BW (LBW), and 107 were of normal BW (NBW). RESULTS: ACE activity levels were significantly elevated in LBW children compared with the NBW group (P < 0.001). There was a significant association of the ACE activity with systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels in our population (P < 0.001). Among the ACE genotypes, no significant differences were found with respect to BW (P = 0.136). However, our results revealed that LBW children had a higher D allele frequency than NBW children (P = 0.036). When analyzed by quartiles of SBP or ACE activity, we found a greater frequency of both the LBW children and those carrying the DD genotype in the highest quartiles of these parameters, whereas the NBW children tended to be in the lowest quartile (P < 0.001). Similar results were observed with the heterozygote ID children after categorization by quartiles of both SBP (P < 0.001) and ACE activity (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The ACE I/D polymorphism, especially the DD genotype, can be interpreted as a major factor in association between LBW and high BP levels.

Blood pressure levels in childhood: probing the relative importance of birth weight and current size.

Several studies have reported data supporting the idea that an impaired intrauterine environment that deprives the fetus of optimal nutrient delivery results in the predisposition of the fetus to experience cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction in later life. However, contradictory data still exist. Our purpose was to investigate the effects of both birth weight and weight gain on the risk for high blood pressure levels in 6- to 10-year-old children. This cross-sectional study included 739 children divided into quartiles of birth weight. The mean values of both systolic and diastolic pressure were significantly different between quartiles of birth weight, with increasing blood pressure values as the birth weight decreased (P<0.001). Covariance analysis adjusting for gender, prematurity, and body mass index (BMI) showed that both systolic and diastolic pressure remained greater in the lowest than in the highest birth weight quartile. Separating those with low and normal birth weight demonstrated that the risk of childhood hypertension was significantly higher among children with low birth weight and current obesity (odds ratio [OR]: 5.0, confidence interval [CI]: 3.3 to 16.1; P=0.023). The inverse association between birth weight and blood pressure levels appears to be programmed during fetal life, while weight gain during childhood adds to this risk.