On the Problem of State Recognition in Injection Molding Based on Accelerometer Data Sets.

The last few decades have been characterised by a very active application of smart technologies in various fields of industry. This paper deals with industrial activities, such as injection molding, where it is required to monitor continuously the manufacturing process to identify both the effective running time and down-time periods. Supervised machine learning algorithms are developed to recognize automatically the periods of the injection molding machines. The former algorithm uses directly the features of the descriptive statistics, while the latter one utilizes a convolutional neural network. The automatic state recognition system is equipped with an 3D-accelerometer sensor whose datasets are used to train and verify the proposed algorithms. The novelty of our contribution is that accelerometer data-based machine learning models are used to distinguish producing and non-producing periods by means of recognition of key steps in an injection molding cycle. The first testing results show the approximate overall balanced accuracy of 72-92% that illustrates the large potential of the monitoring system with the accelerometer. According to the ANOVA test, there are no sufficient statistical differences between the comparative algorithms, but the results of the neural network exhibit higher variances of the defined accuracy metrics.

Combination of Sensor Data and Health Monitoring for Early Detection of Subclinical Ketosis in Dairy Cows.

Subclinical ketosis is a metabolic disease in early lactation. It contributes to economic losses because of reduced milk yield and may promote the development of secondary diseases. Thus, an early detection seems desirable as it enables the farmer to initiate countermeasures. To support early detection, we examine different types of data recordings and use them to build a flexible algorithm that predicts the occurence of subclinical ketosis. This approach shows promising results and can be seen as a step toward automatic health monitoring in farm animals.

Technical note: Evaluation of a triaxial accelerometer for monitoring selected behaviors in dairy calves.

The objectives of this study were (1) to develop an algorithm for the acceleration sensor of the Smartbow Eartag (Smartbow GmbH, Weibern, Austria) to distinguish between postures (lying and standing or locomotion) and to detect 6 kinds of activities (milk intake, water intake, solid feed intake, ruminating, licking or sucking without milk intake, and other activities) in dairy calves and (2) to evaluate this sensor for identifying these behaviors in dairy calves compared with observations from video. Accelerometers were applied to the left ears of 15 preweaned Holstein dairy calves. Calves were kept in a group pen and received milk replacer from an automatic calf feeder. Based on 38 h of acceleration data and video observation, an algorithm was established to detect the predefined behaviors. Using cross-validation, video recordings were used to analyze whether a behavior was detected correctly by the developed algorithm. For posture, sensitivity (94.4%), specificity (94.3%), precision (95.8%), and accuracy (94.3%) were high. Cohen's kappa was calculated as 0.88. For the 6 defined activities, overall (i.e., aggregated for all activities) accuracy was 70.8% and kappa was calculated as 0.58. Some activities (e.g., ruminating, feed intake, other activities) were identified better than others. In conclusion, the developed algorithm based on the acceleration data of the Smartbow Eartag was successful in detecting lying behavior, rumination, feed intake, and other activities in calves, but further development of the underlying algorithm will be necessary to produce reliable results for milk and water intake.