Artificial cavernosa-like tissue based on multibubble Matrigel and a human corpus cavernous fibroblast scaffold.

Ex vivo tissue culture of the human corpus cavernosum (CC) can be used to explore the tissue structural changes and complex signaling networks. At present, artificial CC-like tissues based on acellular or three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds are used to solve the scarcity of primary penis tissue samples. However, inconvenience and high costs limit the wide application of such methods. Here, we describe a simple, fast, and economical method of constructing artificial CC-like tissue. Human CC fibroblasts (FBs), endothelial cells (ECs), and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were expanded in vitro and mixed with Matrigel in specific proportions. A large number of bubbles were formed in the mixture by vortexing combined with pipette blowing, creating a porous, spongy, and spatial structure. The CC FBs produced a variety of signaling factors, showed multidirectional differentiation potential, and grew in a 3D grid in Matrigel, which is necessary for CC-like tissue to maintain a porous structure as a cell scaffold. Within the CC-like tissue, ECs covered the surface of the lumen, and SMCs were located inside the trabeculae, similar to the structure of the primary CC. Various cell components remained stable for 3 days in vitro, but the EC content decreased on the 7th day. Wingless/integrated (WNT) signaling activation led to lumen atrophy and increased tissue fibrosis in CC-like tissue, inducing the same changes in characteristics as in the primary CC. This study describes a preparation method for human artificial CC-like tissue that may provide an improved experimental platform for exploring the function and structure of the CC and conducting drug screening for erectile dysfunction therapy.

Overexpression of miR-10a-5p facilitates the progression of osteoarthritis.

The current study was aimed at exploring the potential roles and possible mechanisms of miR-10a-5p in osteoarthritis (OA). We performed RT-qPCR, Western blot, CCK8, EdU Assay, and flow cytometry assay to clarify the roles of miR-10a-5p in OA. Furthermore, the whole transcriptome sequencing together with integrated bioinformatics analyses were conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of miR-10a-5p involving in OA. Our results demonstrated that miR-10a-5p was upregulated in OA and acted as a significant contributing factor for OA. A large number of circRNAs, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs were identified by overexpressing miR-10a-5p. Functional enrichment analyses indicated that these differentially-expressed genes were enriched in some important terms including PPAR signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and p53 signaling pathway. A total of 42 hub genes were identified in the protein-protein interaction network including SERPINA1, TTR, APOA1, and A2M. Also, we constructed the network regulatory interactions across coding and noncoding RNAs triggered by miR-10a-5p, which revealed the powerful regulating effects of miR-10a-5p. Moreover, we found that HOXA3 acted as the targeted genes of miR-10a-5p and miR-10a-5p contributed to the progression of OA by suppressing HOXA3 expression. Our findings shed insight on regulatory mechanisms of miR-10a-5p, which might provide novel therapeutic targets for OA.

A Clinical Study of Noninvasive Assessment of Lung Lesions in Patients with Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) by Bedside Ultrasound.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to explore the clinical value of noninvasive assessment of bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis of lung lesions of Coronavirus Disease-19. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 30 patients with Coronavirus Disease-19 admitted to our hospital from January 18 to February 5, 2020, were selected as the research subjects. All cases were examined by lung ultrasound and CT. Lung lesions were reviewed by blinded observers, with imaging scores being used to analyze the ultrasound findings of lung lesions in patients with Coronavirus Disease-19 and with chest CT being used as the reference standard. The clinical value of ultrasound in the noninvasive assessment of lung lesions was evaluated. RESULTS: Lung ultrasound signs in patients with Coronavirus Disease-19 were mainly manifested as interstitial pulmonary edema (90.0 %, 27/30) and pulmonary consolidations (20.0 %, 6/30). The lung lesions were mainly distributed in the subpleural and peripheral pulmonary zones. The lower lobe and the dorsal region had a greater tendency to be involved. There was moderate agreement (Kappa = 0.529) between the noninvasive assessment of bedside ultrasound for lung lesions in patients with Coronavirus Disease-19 and CT. The ultrasound scores to evaluate mild, moderate and severe lung lesions exhibited sensitivity of 68.8 % (11/16), 77.8 % (7/9), 100.0 % (2/2), specificity of 85.7 % (12/14), 76.2 % (16/21), 92.9 % (26/28), and diagnostic accuracy of 76.7 % (23/30), 76.7 % (23/30), 93.3 % (28/30), respectively. The follow-up dynamic ultrasound examination showed that the condition of all patients worsened gradually, with the ultrasound scores of lung lesions increasing to varying degrees. CONCLUSION: Though the diagnostic efficacy of bedside ultrasound is relatively low for mild to moderate patients, it is high for severe patients. Bedside ultrasound has important clinical significance for noninvasive assessment and dynamic observation of lung lesions in patients with Coronavirus Disease-19, which is worth further consideration.

Intraprocedural computed tomography/magnetic resonance-contrast-enhanced ultrasound fusion imaging improved thermal ablation effect of hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison with conventional ultrasound.

AIM: To retrospectively compare the treatment effect of intraprocedural computed tomography/magnetic resonance-contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CT/MR-CEUS) fusion imaging (FI) with that of conventional ultrasound (US) in the guidance and assessment of thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: The FI group (112 patients with 129 HCC) was treated between April 2010 and December 2012, whereas the US group (83 patients with 90 HCC) was treated between January 2008 and March 2010. Either CT/MR-CEUS FI or US was used to guide puncture, provide immediate assessment, and guide supplementary ablation. Technical efficacy, cumulative local tumor progression rate (LTP), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated and compared during follow-up. Technical success rate of CT/MR-CEUS FI was also recorded. RESULTS: Technical efficacy was significantly higher in the FI group than in the US group (100% vs. 86.7%, P < 0.001). The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-year cumulative LTP rates in the FI group were significantly lower than in the US group (3.8%, 4.9%, 6.0%, 6.0%, 7.2%, and 7.2% vs. 16.9%, 20.1%, 25%, 25%, 25%, and 25%, respectively; P < 0.001); RFS and OS were significantly higher in the FI group than in the US group (P = 0.027 and P = 0.049, respectively). The technical success rate of FI was 85.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Intraprocedural CT/MR-CEUS FI improved the treatment effect of thermal ablation of HCC by immediately assessing treatment response and guiding supplementary ablation relative to those resulting from the use of conventional US.

Potential application of ultrasound-guided thermal ablation in rare liver tumors.

BACKGROUND: With the advances of imaging techniques, the detection rate of rare liver tumor is increased. However, the therapeutic strategies of the rare liver tumors remain limited. METHODS: We analyzed twelve pathologically confirmed rare liver tumors in 8 patients. All of the patients underwent ultrasound (US) guided biopsy and subsequent thermal ablation. The tumors were ablated according to the preoperative plans and monitored by real-time US. CT/MRI fused with contrast enhanced US (CEUS) or three-dimensional (3D) US-CEUS images were used to guide and assess the ablation zone more accurately during thermal ablation. The rate of technical efficacy was assessed based on the contrast-enhance CT/MRI (CECT/MRI) results one month after ablation. Local tumor progression (LTP), recurrence and complications were followed up and recorded. RESULTS: Among these twelve nodules, nine were subject to US-guided thermal ablation, whereas the other three inconspicuous nodules were subject to CEUS-guided thermal ablation. Intra-procedure CT/MRI-CEUS or 3D US-CEUS fusion imaging assessments demonstrated that the ablation zone sufficiently covered the original tumor, and no immediate supplementary ablation was required. Additionally, no major complications were observed during the follow-up period. The postoperative CECT/MRI confirmed that the technique success rate was 100%. Within the surveillance period of 13 months, no LTP or recurrence was noted. CONCLUSIONS: US-guided thermal ablation was feasible and safe for rare liver tumors. The use of fusion imaging technique might make US-guided thermal ablation as effective as surgical resection, and this technique might serve as a potential therapeutic modality for rare liver tumors in the future.

Activation of the Nrf2-ARE Pathway Ameliorates Hyperglycemia-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Podocytes Partly Through Sirt1.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Previously we have shown that activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) attenuated hyperglycemia-induced damage in podocytes, but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. METHODS: Tert-butylhydroquinone (t-BHQ) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were used to regulate Nrf2 expression, while nicotinamide and siRNAs were used to regulate sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) activity and expression, respectively. Mitochondrial superoxide, membrane potential and ATP levels were measured to assess changes in mitochondrial function. Nephrin and synaptopodin expression were measured by western blot analysis. Human podocytes and db/db diabetic mice were used in this study. RESULTS: t-BHQ pretreatment of human podocytes exposed to high glucose (HG) alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction, enhanced the expression of Sirt1, nephrin and synaptopodin and lowered BSA permeability compared with podocytes exposed to HG without t-BHQ pretreatment (p< 0.05). Human podocytes exposed to HG had more severe mitochondrial dysfunction, lower expression of Sirt1, synaptopodin and nephrin and higher BSA permeability than podocytes exposed to HG when Nrf2 expression was downregulated by siRNAs (p< 0.05). The protection provided by activation of the Nrf-ARE pathway in podocytes exposed to HG was partially diminished when Sirt1 expression or activity was decreased by siRNAs or inhibitor compared with podocytes exposed to HG and pretreated with t-BHQ (p< 0.05). When nicotinamide and t-BHQ were both administered to db/db mice, we observed higher levels of urinary albumin/creatinine, lower nephrin and synaptopodin expression, more severe mesangial matrix deposition, collagen deposition on pathological slides and mitochondrial structural damage in podocytes compared to db/db mice treated only with t-BHQ. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that crosstalk between Sirt1 and the Nrf2-ARE anti-oxidative pathway forms a positive feedback loop and that protection provided by t-BHQ activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in db/db mice is partly dependent on Sirt1.

Immediate evaluation and guidance of liver cancer thermal ablation by three-dimensional ultrasound/contrast-enhanced ultrasound fusion imaging.

PURPOSE: To investigate the feasibility and value of three-dimensional ultrasound/contrast-enhanced ultrasound (3D US-CEUS) fusion imaging for the immediate evaluation of technical success and the guidance of supplementary ablation during the liver cancer thermal ablation procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with malignant liver cancer intending to receive thermal ablation including radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or microwave ablation (MWA) were enrolled. 3D US-CEUS fusion imaging was used to immediately assess the technical success and guide supplementary ablation. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CECT/CEMRI) was performed one month after ablation to assess the technique effectiveness of the ablation. The registration success rate, duration time of 3D US-CEUS fusion imaging, technique effectiveness rate and major complications were recorded. RESULTS: In total, 76 patients with 95 tumours who underwent RFA or MWA and assessed by 3D US-CEUS fusion imaging were enrolled. The registration success rate of 3D US-CEUS fusion imaging was 93.7% (89/95), and the duration time was 4.0 ± 1.1 min. Thirty lesions received supplementary ablation immediately during the procedure. The technique effectiveness rate of the ablation was 98.8% (81/82). There were no major complications related to ablation. CONCLUSIONS: 3D US-CEUS fusion imaging is a feasible and valuable technique for the immediate evaluation and guidance of supplementary ablation during the liver cancer thermal ablation procedure.

Intracavitary Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Management of Post-Surgical Gastrointestinal Fistulas.

The goal of this study was to investigate intracavitary contrast-enhanced ultrasound (IC-CEUS) measures in the management of post-surgical gastrointestinal (GI) fistula throughout detection, treatment and follow-up. From June 2010 to August 2016, patients who were administered ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) via a drainage tube for IC-CEUS were enrolled and retrospectively analyzed. They were suspected of having GI anastomotic fistulas or had been found to have fluid collections with ultrasound that were accompanied by abdominal pain or fever after surgical procedures. Forty-two patients met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled into this study. Twenty-two were confirmed to have GI fistulas confirmed by standard references. None were detected by conventional ultrasound. Although IC-CEUS successfully detected GI fistulas in 16 patients, it missed GI fistulas in 6 patients. One patient was misdiagnosed with a GI fistula. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of the diagnosis of GI fistulas by IC-CEUS were 72.7% (16/22), 95.0% (19/20), 94.1% (16/17), 76.0% (19/25) and 83.3% (35/42), respectively. Twenty peritoneal fluid collections in 14 patients were related to fistulas by IC-CEUS based on the distribution of ultrasound contrast agents. Additional drainage was performed in 14 fistula-related fluid collections. Eight GI fistulas were judged to be cured after IC-CEUS re-evaluation, and the drainage tubes were removed from these patients. In conclusion, IC-CEUS can greatly improve the ability to diagnose post-surgical GI fistulas and may also play an important role in interventional treatment and follow-up.

Double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the detection of periampullary cancer: Comparison with B-mode ultrasonography and MR imaging.

PURPOSE: To investigate the value of double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (DCEUS) in the detection of periampullary cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-nine patients with surgery or biopsy-proven periampullary cancer who underwent both DCEUS and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations before operation were enrolled in our study. DCEUS in which intravenous microbubbles were used in combination with oral contrast agent and MRI were performed preoperatively to make a detection diagnosis of periampullary cancer. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of DCEUS, B-mode ultrasonography (BUS) and MRI were calculated and compared. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the accuracy of BUS, DCEUS and MRI in the detection. Stratified analyses were performed for different pathological types and different sizes of periampullary lesions. The inter- and intra-observer reliability of DCEUS for cancer detection was also investigated. RESULT: There were no significant differences in sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV or accuracy between DCEUS and MRI (all P>0.05). ROC analysis showed that the accuracy of DCEUS or MRI was higher than that of BUS (P<0.001), while no significant differences were noted in the accuracy between DCEUS and MR. In the 76 cases of periampullary cancer, DCEUS appeared to be superior to BUS for ampullary carcinoma, duodenum carcinoma and for lesions with an average diameter of less than 3cm. DCEUS appeared equal to BUS in other groups. No significant differences were noted between DCEUS and MRI in the stratified analysis. A considerably well agreement between DCEUS and MRI was obtained using Kappa analysis (k=0.649, P<0.001). The intra- and inter-observer reproducibility were both good for detection of periampullary cancer by DCEUS, with a Kappa values of 0.783 (P<0.01) and 0.732 (P<0.01), respectively. CONCLUSION: DCEUS provides an available and useful imaging modality in the detection of periampullary cancer. This technique can aid in displaying the invisible periampullary region in BUS and may also become an effective supplemental method to MRI.

Improvement of ablative margins by the intraoperative use of CEUS-CT/MR image fusion in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: To assess whether intraoperative use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)-CT/MR image fusion can accurately evaluate ablative margin (AM) and guide supplementary ablation to improve AM after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ablation. METHODS: Ninety-eight patients with 126 HCCs designated to undergo thermal ablation treatment were enrolled in this prospective study. CEUS-CT/MR image fusion was performed intraoperatively to evaluate whether 5-mm AM was covered by the ablative area. If possible, supplementary ablation was applied at the site of inadequate AM. The CEUS image quality, the time used for CEUS-CT/MR image fusion and the success rate of image fusion were recorded. Local tumor progression (LTP) was observed during follow-up. Clinical factors including AM were examined to identify risk factors for LTP. RESULTS: The success rate of image fusion was 96.2% (126/131), and the duration required for image fusion was 4.9 ± 2.0 (3-13) min. The CEUS image quality was good in 36.1% (53/147) and medium in 63.9% (94/147) of the cases. By supplementary ablation, 21.8% (12/55) of lesions with inadequate AMs became adequate AMs. During follow-up, there were 5 LTPs in lesions with inadequate AMs and 1 LTP in lesions with adequate AMs. Multivariate analysis showed that AM was the only independent risk factor for LTP (hazard ratio, 9.167; 95% confidence interval, 1.070-78.571; p = 0.043). CONCLUSION: CEUS-CT/MR image fusion is feasible for intraoperative use and can serve as an accurate method to evaluate AMs and guide supplementary ablation to lower inadequate AMs.

Assessment of radiofrequency ablation margin by MRI-MRI image fusion in hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIM: To investigate the feasibility and clinical value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-MRI image fusion in assessing the ablative margin (AM) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: A newly developed ultrasound workstation for MRI-MRI image fusion was used to evaluate the AM of 62 tumors in 52 HCC patients after radiofrequency ablation (RFA). The lesions were divided into two groups: group A, in which the tumor was completely ablated and 5 mm AM was achieved (n = 32); and group B, in which the tumor was completely ablated but 5 mm AM was not achieved (n = 29). To detect local tumor progression (LTP), all patients were followed every two months by contrast-enhanced ultrasound, contrast-enhanced MRI or computed tomography (CT) in the first year after RFA. Then, the follow-up interval was prolonged to every three months after the first year. RESULTS: Of the 62 tumors, MRI-MRI image fusion was successful in 61 (98.4%); the remaining case had significant deformation of the liver and massive ascites after RFA. The time required for creating image fusion and AM evaluation was 15.5 ± 5.5 min (range: 8-22 min) and 9.6 ± 3.2 min (range: 6-14 min), respectively. The follow-up period ranged from 1-23 mo (14.2 ± 5.4 mo). In group A, no LTP was detected in 32 lesions, whereas in group B, LTP was detected in 4 of 29 tumors, which occurred at 2, 7, 9, and 15 mo after RFA. The frequency of LTP in group B (13.8%; 4/29) was significantly higher than that in group A (0/32, P = 0.046). All of the LTPs occurred in the area in which the 5 mm AM was not achieved. CONCLUSION: The MRI-MRI image fusion using an ultrasound workstation is feasible and useful for evaluating the AM after RFA for HCC.

Intra-biliary contrast-enhanced ultrasound for evaluating biliary obstruction during percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: a preliminary study.

OBJECTIVES: The aimed of this study was to investigate the value of intra-biliary contrast-enhanced ultrasound (IB-CEUS) for evaluating biliary obstruction during percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 80 patients with obstructive jaundice who underwent IB-CEUS during PTBD were enrolled. The diluted ultrasound contrast agent was injected via the drainage catheter to perform IB-CEUS. Both conventional ultrasound and IB-CEUS were used to detect the tips of the drainage catheters and to compare the detection rates of the tips. The obstructive level and degree of biliary tract were evaluated by IB-CEUS. Fluoroscopic cholangiography (FC) and computer tomography cholangiography (CTC) were taken as standard reference for comparison. RESULTS: Conventional ultrasound displayed only 43 tips (43/80, 53.8%) of the drainage catheters within the bile ducts while IB-CEUS identified all 80 tips (80/80, 100%) of the drainage catheters including 4 of them out of the bile duct (P<0.001). IB-CEUS made correct diagnosis in 44 patients with intrahepatic and 36 patients with extrahepatic biliary obstructions. IB-CEUS accurately demonstrated complete obstruction in 56 patients and incomplete obstruction in 21 patients. There were 3 patients with incomplete obstruction misdiagnosed to be complete obstruction by IB-CEUS. The diagnostic accuracy of biliary obstruction degree was 96.3% (77/80). CONCLUSION: IB-CEUS could improve the visualization of the drainage catheters and evaluate the biliary obstructive level and degree during PTBD. IB-CEUS may be the potential substitute to FC in the PTBD procedure.

Selection of the most powerful predictors for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis grade: an experimental study.

PURPOSE: To select the most powerful predictors for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis grade. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty-five healthy New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into one normal control group and three experimental groups. Hepatic steatosis models were established by feeding a high-fat, high-sugar diet and drinking water containing 5% ethanol. Twenty-two variable indexes were measured using general observation, biochemical examination, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Univariate analysis, correlation analysis, and stepwise regression analysis were used to make the selection of the most powerful predictors. ROC analysis was used to compare the diagnostic efficacy of single index with combined index (Y) expressed by a regression equation. RESULTS: Based on statistical analysis, there were 12 variable indexes with significant differences among groups, which correlated with hepatic steatosis grade: liver weight, hepatic index, liver CT value, liver-to-muscle attenuation ratio, 1H MRS fat peak value, fat peak area, fat-to-water peak area ratio, fat percentage, ultrasound attenuation coefficient, serum aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides. Among them hepatic index, liver CT value and serum TC were selected as the most powerful predictors for hepatic steatosis grade with correlation coefficients of 0.709, -0.764, and 0.886, respectively. The regression equation was: Y=1.975 + 3.906 x 10(-2)X1 + 0.369X2-2.84 x 10(-2)X3, where Y=hepatic steatosis grade, X1=TC, X2=hepatic index, and X3=liver CT value. ROC analysis displayed PPV, NPV, curve area of combined index (Y) were superior to simple index (hepatic index, liver CT value and serum TC) in evaluating hepatic steatosis grade, and they were nearly 1.0000, 1.0000 and 1.000, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Combined application of several diagnostic methods is superior to simple diagnostic method, and could provide comprehensive, rapid, accurate evaluation of hepatic steatosis grade.

Portalsystemic hemodynamic changes in chronic severe hepatitis B: An ultrasonographic study.

AIM: To evaluate portalsystemic hemodynamic changes in chronic severe hepatitis B. METHODS: Hemodynamic parameters included portal vein diameter (PVD), portal vein peak velocity (PVPV), portal vein volume (PVV), spleen length (SPL), spleen vein diameter (SPVD), spleen vein volume (SPVV) and umbilical vein recanalization. They were measured by Color Doppler ultrasonography in 36 patients with chronic severe hepatitis B, compared with 51 normal controls, 61 patients with chronic hepatitis B, 46 patients with compensable cirrhosis, and 36 patients with decompensable cirrhosis. RESULTS: In the group of chronic severe hepatitis B, PVD (12.38 +/- 1.23 mm) was significantly different from the normal control, compensable cirrhosis and decompensable cirrhosis groups (P = 0.000-0.026), but not significantly different from the chronic hepatitis group. PVPV (16.15 +/- 3.82 cm/s) dropped more significantly in the chronic severe hepatitis B group than the normal control, chronic hepatitis B and compensable cirrhosis groups (P = 0.000-0.011). PVV (667.53 +/- 192.83 mL/min) dropped significantly as compared with the four comparison groups (P = 0.000-0.004). SPL (120.42 +/- 18.36 mm) and SPVD (7.52 +/- 1.52 mm) were longer in the normal control and chronic hepatitis B groups (P = 0.000-0.009), yet they were significantly shorter than those in the decompensable cirrhosis group (P = 0.000). SPVV (242.51 +/- 137.70 mL/min) was also lower than the decompensable cirrhosis group (P = 0.000). The umbilical vein recanalization rate (75%) was higher than the chronic hepatitis B and compensable cirrhosis groups. In the course of progression from chronic hepatitis to decompensable cirrhosis, PVD, SPL and SPVD gradually increased and showed significant differences between every two groups (P = 0.000-0.002). CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic severe hepatitis B have a tendency to develop acute portal hypertension, resulting in significantly reduced portal vein perfusion. Observation of the portalsystemic hemodynamic changes may be contributed to the disease progression of chronic liver disease.

Liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis: an ultrasonographic study.

AIM: To select valuable ultrasonographic predictors for the evaluation of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis degree in chronic hepatitis, and to study the value of ultrasonography in the evaluation of liver fibrosis and compensated liver cirrhosis in comparison with serology and histology. METHODS: Forty-four ultrasonographic variables were analyzed and screened using color Doppler ultrasound system in 225 patients with chronic viral hepatitis and compensated liver cirrhosis. The valuable ultrasonographic predictors were selected on the basis of a comparison with histopathological findings. The value of ultrasonography and serology in the evaluation of liver fibrosis degree and the diagnosis of compensated liver cirrhosis was also studied and compared. Meanwhile, the influencing factors on ultrasonographic diagnosis of compensated liver cirrhosis were also analyzed. RESULTS: By statistical analysis, the maximum velocity of portal vein and the degree of gall-bladder wall smoothness were selected as the valuable predictors for the inflammation grade (G), while liver surface, hepatic parenchymal echo pattern, and the wall thickness of gall-bladder were selected as the valuable predictors for the fibrosis stage (S). Three S-related independent ultrasonographyic predictors and three routine serum fibrosis markers (HA, HPCIII and CIV) were used to discriminate variables for the comparison of ultrasonography with serology. The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in moderate fibrosis was higher than that of serology (P<0.01), while there were no significant differences in the general diagnostic accuracy of fibrosis as well as between mild and severe fibrosis (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between ultrasonography and serology in the diagnosis of compensated liver cirrhosis. However, the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography was higher in inactive liver cirrhosis and lower in active cirrhosis than that of serology (both P<0.05). False positive and false negative results where found when the diagnosis of compensated liver cirrhosis was made by ultrasonography. CONCLUSION: There are different ultrasonographic predictors for the evaluation of hepatic inflammation grade and fibrosis stage of chronic hepatitis. Both ultrasonography and serology have their own advantages and disadvantages in the evaluation of liver fibrosis and compensated liver cirrhosis. Combined application of the two methods is hopeful to improve the diagnostic accuracy.