[Microbiome and next generation sequencing]. / Microbioma y secuenciación masiva.

The human microbiome is an internal ecosystem that refers to the community of microorganisms that populate the human body. These microorganisms are essential to support his health, because the interaction between the host immune system and microorganisms, provide the host with protection against pathogens, and contributes to the preservation of health. Bacteriological culture has been the basis for traditional microbiology; however, most of the bacterial forms observed in nature cannot be isolated with laboratory culture methods. At present, metagenomic applies a suite of genomic technologies, where the microorganisms are identified by their genomic fingerprint. The 16S rRNA subunit is considered as the universal target for bacterial identification from DNA with the aid of sequencing. Sanger sequencing technology had a great impact on the first generation sequencing due to its simplicity and precision. Platforms high-throughput known as second generation secuencing technologies are capable to generate hundreds of thousands of sequence reactions in a faster and economic way. However, thanks to the third generation sequencing the greatest advances in nanotechnology have been made. Using the reference gene, the massive sequencing techniques and bioinformatics tools used for the data processing, there has been an important development of the human microbiome, achieving an unprecedented detail level on the taxonomy and microbial function. This has meant an authentic revolution not only in their knowledge but also in their involvement in the health or illness of the human being.

[Detection and typing by molecular biology of human papillomavirus in genital samples]. / Detección y tipificación mediante biología molecular del virus del papiloma humano en muestras genitales.

Recently, there has been a marked increase in human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and the etiological relationship between some HPV genotypes and genital cancer has been confirmed. Therefore, we used current molecular biology techniques to evaluate the prevalence of these viruses and their genotype in genital samples. We processed 401 genital samples from 281 women and 120 men, all with a diagnosis compatible with HPV infection. Virus was detected using PCR, and positive samples were typed using an array technique which enabled us to detect the 35 most common types of mucous-associated HPV. Of the 401 patients studied, 185 (46.1%) were positive, and only one type of HPV was detected in 133 cases. We found that 41.6% of the women and 56.7% of the men were positive. A total of 260 HPVs were typed; 154 were high oncogenic risk. They infected 16 men (23.5%) and 88 women (75.2%). The difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Type 6 HPV was the most frequently detected en 64 cases, followed by HVP 16 in 52 cases. We found a 46% prevalence of HPV infection. More than half of these patients were infected by high-risk HPV. The presence of high-risk HPV was significantly higher in women.

Detección y tipificación mediante biología molecular del virus del papiloma humano en muestras genitales / Detection and typing by molecular biology of human papillomavirus in genital samples

Últimamente se ha observado un notable incremento de la infección por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH), y se ha confirmado la relaciónetiológica entre ciertos genotipos del VPH y el cáncer genital. Por ello hemos evaluado la prevalencia de estos virus y su genotipo enmuestras genitales, utilizando técnicas de diagnóstico molecular. Procesamos 401 muestras genitales de 281 mujeres y 120 hombres, todosellos con un diagnóstico compatible con infección por VPH. La detección del virus se realizó por PCR, y las muestras positivas se tipificaronmediante una técnica de microseries de sondas de hibridación que permite detectar los 35 tipos de VPH más frecuentes asociados a mucosas.De los 401 pacientes estudiados, 185 resultaron positivos (46,1%) y en 133 casos sólo se detectó un tipo de VPH. Encontramos quefueron positivos el 41,6% de las mujeres y el 56,7% de los hombres. Se tipificaron en total 260 VPH; 154 resultaron ser de alto riesgo oncogénicoe infectaban a 16 hombres (23,5%) y 88 mujeres (75,2%) (p <0.001). El VPH tipo 6 fue el más frecuente, detectado en 64 casos,seguido del VPH 16 en 52 casos. La prevalencia de infección por VPH encontrada ha sido del 46%. Más de la mitad de los pacientes estabaninfectados por VPH de alto riesgo. La presencia de VPH de alto riesgo fue significativamente más alta en las mujeres

Recently, there has been a marked increase in human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and the etiological relationship between some HPV genotypesand genital cancer has been confirmed. Therefore, we used current molecular biology techniques to evaluate the prevalence of theseviruses and their genotype in genital samples. We processed 401 genital samples from 281 women and 120 men, all with a diagnosis compatiblewith HPV infection. Virus was detected using PCR, and positive samples were typed using an array technique which enabled us todetect the 35 most common types of mucous-associated HPV. Of the 401 patients studied, 185 (46.1%) were positive, and only one type ofHPV was detected in 133 cases. We found that 41.6% of the women and 56.7% of the men were positive. A total of 260 HPVs were typed;154 were high oncogenic risk. They infected 16 men (23.5%) and 88 women (75.2%). The difference was statistically significant (p <0.001).Type 6 HPV was the most frequently detected en 64 cases, followed by HVP 16 in 52 cases. We found a 46% prevalence of HPV infection.More than half of these patients were infected by high-risk HPV. The presence of high-risk HPV was significantly higher in women