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Rev Neurol ; 57 Suppl 1: S193-203, 2013 Sep 06.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23897148

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present alterations in both their attentional mechanisms and their inhibitory control processes (impulsiveness and hyperactivity), which have different effects on their academic, socio-emotional and behavioural achievement. Therefore it is essential to have access to intervention strategies in the field of psychopedagogics that can have a favourable effect on the developmental course of the patients. AIM: To review the psychopedagogical foundations underlying interventions in cases of ADHD, bearing in mind the relation between the functional anatomy and the clinical symptoms and the corresponding programmes of intervention. DEVELOPMENT: Three syndromes stand out above the rest: orbitofrontal, dorsolateral and in the cingulate at the medial level. The phases of psychopedagogical intervention should cover both the child and his or her family and school. Neurocognitive training is focused on the child, and is based on programmes for training the executive functions and on interventions involving the academic, behavioural and socio-affective spheres. Behavioural modification programmes are complementary and on many occasions improve the compromised behaviour in children with ADHD. Psychopedagogical guidance at school must be considered necessary for an effective intervention in the academic environment. CONCLUSIONS: Psychopedagogical interventions in children with ADHD must include personalised treatment within a multidisciplinary methodology that takes into account all the contexts in which the child is developing, his or her cognitive performance and the appropriate pharmacological intervention in each case.


TITLE: Intervencion psicopedagogica en el trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad.Introduccion. Los niños con trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad (TDAH) presentan alteraciones en los mecanismos atencionales y en los procesos de control inhibitorio (impulsividad e hiperactividad), que afectan de distinta manera a su rendimiento academico, socioemocional y conductual, por lo que es fundamental la consideracion de estrategias de intervencion en el ambito psicopedagogico que puedan incidir de forma favorable en el curso evolutivo de los afectados. Objetivo. Revisar las bases psicopedagogicas en la intervencion sobre el TDAH, considerando la relacion de la anatomia funcional con la sintomatologia clinica y los correspondientes programas de intervencion. Desarrollo. Se destacan los tres sindromes preferentes: orbitofrontal, dorsolateral y en el cingulo a nivel medial. Las fases de la intervencion psicopedagogica deben abarcar tanto al niño como a la familia y el colegio. El entrenamiento neurocognitivo se centra en el niño, basado en programas de entrenamiento de las funciones ejecutivas y en las actuaciones sobre el ambito academico, conductual y socioafectivo. Los programas de modificacion de conducta son complementarios y en muchas ocasiones mejoran el comportamiento comprometido en los niños con TDAH. Las orientaciones psicopedagogicas en la escuela deben considerarse necesarias para una intervencion eficaz en el entorno academico. Conclusiones. La intervencion psicopedagogica de los niños con TDAH debe contemplar la individualizacion del tratamiento dentro de una metodologia multidisciplinar, teniendo en cuenta todos los contextos en los que se desarrolla el niño, su rendimiento cognitivo y las intervenciones farmacologicas apropiadas en cada caso.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/terapia , Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Criança , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/etiologia , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/terapia , Educação Infantil , Intervenção Educacional Precoce , Educação Inclusiva/métodos , Emoções , Relações Familiares , Lobo Frontal/fisiopatologia , Giro do Cíngulo/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Comportamento Impulsivo , Comunicação Interdisciplinar , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/etiologia , Matemática , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiopatologia , Recompensa , Ensino/métodos , Materiais de Ensino , Redação
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