Cytotoxicity evaluation of calcium hypochlorite and other commonly used root canal irrigants against human gingival fibroblast cells: An in vitro evaluation.

BACKGROUND: The conventional endodontic therapy primarily focuses on biomechanical preparation, which is achieved by the application of various intracanal irrigants and intracanal medicaments. One of the most commonly used intracanal irrigants - sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) - has already been proven to have an antimicrobial effect as well as the ability to dissolve tissues in the areas where files cannot reach. One of the recently used irrigants having a promising effect is calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), which has been shown to be relatively more stable than NaOCl and has much more chlorine ions. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the individual cytotoxicity of various root canal irrigants and the combined cytotoxicity of NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) against human gingival fibroblast (hGF) cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The evaluation of the individual cytotoxicity was carried out with regard to the following root canal irrigants: NaOCl; Ca(OCl)2; and chlorhexidine (CHX). The evaluation of the combined cytotoxicity regarded NaOCl/EDTA and Ca(OCl)2/EDTA. The concentrations used were 0.025%, 0.050%, 0.10%, and 0.20%. The cytotoxicity against hGF cells was examined within a timeframe of 6 h and 24 h with the use of the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. RESULTS: It was observed that Ca(OCl)2 had a mean absorbance rate of 0.315 ±0.02, 0.294 ±0.03, 0.265 ±0.03, and 0.240 ±0.02 at 0.025%, 0.050%, 0.10%, and 0.20%, respectively. In combination with EDTA, the mean absorbance rate was 70.12 ±2.9, 67.42 ±4.3, 64.35 ±3.6, and 61.58 ±4.1 at 0.025%, 0.050%, 0.10%, and 0.20%, respectively. The cytotoxic effect of the root canal irrigants on hGF cells was observed to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Calcium hypochlorite is less cytotoxic than NaOCl, and when used in combination with EDTA, it was shown to have its cytotoxic effect on hGF cells reduced to a great extent.

Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial potential of herbal extracts on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis An in vitro study / Avaliação comparativa do potencial antimicrobiano de extratos de ervas em Streptococcus mutans e Enterococcus faecalis: estudo in vitro

Though aloe vera extract, green tea extract and coriander oil are proven antimicrobial agents, very little information is available regarding its effects on oral bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, which is responsible for initiating caries and Enterococcus faecalis, responsible for failure of root canal treatment. Objective: To find the antimicrobial activity of aloe vera extract, black tea extract and coriander oil against S. mutans and E. faecalis. Materials and Methods: The agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of Aloe vera extract, black tea extract and coriander oil. Different concentration of prepared plant extracts and coriander seed oil (50 & 100 µl) was incorporated into the wells and the plates containing S. mutans and E. faecalis were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The antibiotic (amoxicillin 30 µl) was used as positive control. Zone Of Inhibition (ZOI) was recorded in each plate. Results: For S. mutans, the maximum ZOI was created by coriander oil with a diameter of 25.00±0.58 mm at 50 µl and for E. faecalis, maximum ZOI was created by aloe vera extract 16.00±0.58 mm at 100 µl concentration which were far better than the control: amoxicillin 30 µl concentration. Conclusion: The extracts of Aloe vera, black tea and coriander oil, showed significant activity against the investigated microbial strains, Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis which further helps in the development of new topical agents that help in reducing the numbers of these organisms present in the oral cavity. (AU)

Embora o extrato de aloe vera, extrato de chá verde e óleo de coentro sejam agentes antimicrobianos comprovados, há pouca informação disponível sobre seus efeitos nas bactérias orais, Streptococcus mutans, que é responsável por iniciar cáries e Enterococcus faecalis, responsável pela falha do tratamento de canal radicular. Objetivo: Avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do extrato de aloe vera, extrato de chá preto e óleo de coentro contra S. mutans e E. faecalis. Materiais e Métodos: O método de difusão em agar foi usado para determinar a atividade antibacteriana do extrato de Aloe vera, extrato de chá preto e óleo de coentro. Diferentes concentrações dos extratos de plantas e óleo de semente de coentro (50 e 100 µl) foram preparados e colocados nos poços e nas placas contendo S. mutans e E. faecalis e foram incubadas a 37°C por 24 h. O antibiótico (amoxicilina 30 µl) foi utilizado como controle positivo. A zona de inibição (ZOI) foi registrada em cada placa. Resultados: Para S. mutans, a ZOI máxima foi obtida com o óleo de coentro com um diâmetro de 25,00 ± 0,58 mm a 50 µl e para E. faecalis, a ZOI máxima foi obtiada pelo extrato de aloe vera 16,00 ± 0,58 mm na concentração de 100 µl, as quais foram melhores do que o controle: concentração de 30 µl de amoxicilina. Conclusão: Os extratos de Aloe vera, chá preto e óleo de coentro apresentaram atividade significativa contra as cepas microbianas investigadas, Streptococcus mutans e Enterococcus faecalis auxiliando no desenvolvimento de novos agentes tópicos visando a redução do número desses organismos presentes no cavidade oral. (AU)

Efficiency of new custom-made pulse oximeter sensor holder in assessment of actual pulp status.

AIM: This study aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of new custom-made pulse oximeter sensor holder in assessment of actual pulp status with three pulp sensibility tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-nine single canal teeth requiring endodontic therapy was included in the study. The tooth that was requiring root canal treatment was tested with heat test, cold test, electric pulp test, and pulse oximeter. Between each test, a time period of 2 min was allowed. The response from three pulp sensibility tests and the reading from pulse oximeter were recorded. Following which root canal treatment was performed. The result obtained from four pulp tests were correlated with the clinical finding after access cavity preparation. The data obtained was statistically assessed. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the efficacy of the pulp tests. In the above statistical tools, the probability value. 05 is considered as significant level. RESULTS: The overall diagnostic accuracy was found to be significantly higher with pulse oximeter when compared with other three pulp sensibility tests. The ROC curve demonstrates the results obtained from pulse oximeter was found to be more reliable than other pulp tests. CONCLUSION: Within the limitation of the study, diagnostic accuracy of pulse oximeter with custom made sensor holder was reliable and accurate in assessment of actual pulp status.