Active Commuting to School among Spanish Preschool Children: A Temporal Change Study between 2013 and 2017.

BACKGROUND: Active commuting to school may increase the total daily physical activity and achieve health benefits among preschool children. Rates of active commuting to school among Spanish children and adolescents have been widely analysed, while the rates of active commuting to school among Spanish preschool children are unknown. AIM: The main objective of this study was to examine the changes in the rates of active commuting to school in a sample of Spanish preschool children between 3 and 6 years old from 2013 to 2017. METHODS: Data were found from five studies carried out across Spain. The study sample comprised 4787 preschool children (4.59 ± 0.77 years old; 51% males). The overall changes in active commuting to school were assessed using multilevel logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The rates of active commuting to school in Spanish preschool children are around 52%, and the active commuting to school rates have stayed stable throughout the period assessed (odds ratio from 0.40 to 0.58, all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In preschool children, the present study obtained a favourable result on active commuting to school, showing a pattern stability in the examined period similar to other ages. It will be of great importance to promote this behaviour to obtain high levels of active commuting to school.

Tobacco cessation among smokers under substance use treatment for alcohol and/or cannabis: study protocol and pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 80% of people with a substance use disorder (SUD) are smokers. Starting SUD treatment offers the opportunity to also quit smoking. The ACT-ATAC project aims to identify the predictors associated with smoking cessation among persons treated for alcohol and/or cannabis use disorder in Barcelona. This manuscript reports its methodology and the experience of carrying it out during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Mixed methods project with three substudies. Substudy 1 (S1) comprises heterogeneous discussion groups among clinicians. S2 has two prospective cohorts composed of smokers under treatment for alcohol and/or cannabis use disorder and the clinicians in charge of these patients. Participating smokers will be followed for 12 months and interviewed about their substance use and the tobacco cessation services received using the Spanish version of the users' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Services (S-KAS) scale. The clinicians will be asked about their self-reported practices in smoking cessation using the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (S-KAP) scale. S3 comprises heterogeneous discussion groups with smokers. Data will be triangulated using qualitative and quantitative analyses. To facilitate the recruitment process, the researchers have introduced several strategies (design clear protocols, set monthly online meetings, extend the project, provide gift cards, etc.). DISCUSSION: The results of S1 were used to develop the questionnaires. S2 required some adjustments due to the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly the follow-up interviews being conducted by phone instead of face-to-face, and the recruitment rhythm was lower than expected. Recruitment will last until reaching at least 200-250 users. The fieldwork could not have been possible without the collaboration of the ACT-ATAC team and the introduction of several strategies. Trial registration The ACT-ATAC project has been successfully registered at Clinicaltrials.gov [NCT04841655].

[Smoking control in Spain: current situation and priorities]. / El control del tabaquismo en España: situación actual y prioridades.

This paper presents a strategic analysis of the prevention of smoking in Spain. After a review of the situation of the epidemic and of the current prevention policies with the data available in 2019, it identifies the main problems to improve the prevention of smoking, while proposing strategies and key actions for the future. Considering as major objectives reducing the initiation of smoking and helping smokers quit, the different strategies of action and the key actions to be developed. In addition to helping smokers to stop smoking from the health services, key preventive actions include several public policies including taxation, banning advertising and other forms of promotion, the regulation of tobacco packaging, the expansion of smoke-free spaces, and information to the public on its effects. Some of them have followed a positive path for prevention in Spain but for others there is wide room for improvement. The MPOWER strategy of the WHO offers a guide for the development of the most effective tobacco control policies. In its light it is recommended to put emphasis on actions related to expanding smoke-free areas, to develop distance support services to stop smoking, to periodically carry out advertising campaigns of wide coverage to encourage quitting, to reinforce support for quitting in health care services, to finance pharmacological treatments, to expand the advertising ban to electronic devices that release nicotine, and to increase the tax burden on tobacco and other products delivering nicotine.

Este trabajo presenta un análisis estratégico de la prevención del tabaquismo en España. A partir de una revisión de la situación de la epidemia y de las políticas de prevención vigentes con los datos disponibles en el año 2019, se plantean los problemas prioritarios para mejorar la prevención del tabaquismo, proponiendo unas estrategias y acciones clave para el futuro. Considerando como grandes objetivos evitar el inicio en el tabaquismo y ayudar a los fumadores a dejar el consumo de tabaco, se valoran las diversas estrategias de actuación y las acciones clave a desarrollar. Además de ayudar a los fumadores a dejar de fumar desde los servicios sanitarios, destacan como acciones clave de prevención diversas políticas públicas como la política fiscal, la prohibición de la publicidad y otras formas de promoción, la regulación de los envases del tabaco, la generalización de los espacios sin humo, y la información a la ciudadanía sobre sus efectos perjudiciales. Algunas han seguido una evolución favorable en España, pero en otras hay amplio margen de mejora. La estrategia MPOWER de la Organización Mundial de la Salud ofrece una guía para el desarrollo de las políticas más efectivas de control del tabaquismo. A su luz, se recomienda poner énfasis en acciones relativas a ampliar las normas sobre aire limpio, en desarrollar servicios de apoyo a distancia para dejar de fumar, en realizar periódicamente campañas publicitarias de amplia cobertura para fomentar el abandono del tabaco, en reforzar el apoyo para dejar de fumar desde los servicios sanitarios, en financiar los tratamientos farmacológicos, en ampliar la prohibición de la publicidad de tabaco a los dispositivos electrónicos que liberan nicotina, y en incrementar la carga fiscal sobre el conjunto de labores de tabaco y otros productos con nicotina.

Aportaciones de la medicina forense en la mejora del conocimiento del suicidio / Contribution of forensic medicine to the improvement of knowledge of suicide

El suicidio constituye un importante problema de salud pública. La mortalidad por suicidio, la calidad de las estadísticas y su validez son un elemento crucial en su monitorización y prevención. En este artículo pretendemos realizar una actualización de las aportaciones de la medicina forense a la conducta suicida, destacando la importancia de las fuentes forenses en el conocimiento de los factores de riesgo así como la participación de Institutos de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses en programas de prevención del suicidio. Hemos querido señalar las distintas colaboraciones del Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses con especialistas del ámbito de la psiquiatría y también de la salud pública que han permitido desarrollar un modelo integrativo de investigación de la conducta suicida dirigidas a conocer con precisión los datos relativos a las muertes por suicidio, estandarizar la investigación en suicidio y elaborar estrategias de prevención suicida efectivas frente a una causa de mortalidad prevenible

Suicide is an important public health problem. Suicide mortality, and the quality and reliability of suicide statistics are key points in monitoring and preventing suicidal behaviours. The objective of this paper is to review the contribution of forensic medicine to suicidal behaviour, to underline the importance of forensic sources to investigate risk factors, and to highlight the role of Institutes of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences in suicide prevention programmes. We describe the collaboration between Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences and specialists in the fields of psychiatry and public health. This collaborative work has facilitated the development of an integrative model in the investigation of suicidal behaviour allowing more precise suicide mortality data, the standardisation of research on suicide, and the development of suicide prevention strategies to reduce a preventable cause of death

El control del tabaquismo en España: situación actual y prioridades / Smoking control in Spain: current situation and priorities

Este trabajo presenta un análisis estratégico de la prevención del tabaquismo en España. A partir de una revisión de la situación de la epidemia y de las políticas de prevención vigentes con los datos disponibles en el año 2019, se plantean los problemas prioritarios para mejorar la prevención del tabaquismo, proponiendo unas estrategias y acciones clave para el futuro. Considerando como grandes objetivos evitar el inicio en el tabaquismo y ayudar a los fumadores a dejar el consumo de tabaco, se valoran las di-versas estrategias de actuación y las acciones clave a desarrollar. Además de ayudar a los fumadores a dejar de fumar desde los servicios sanitarios, destacan como acciones clave de prevención diversas políticas públicas como la política fiscal, la prohibición de la publicidad y otras formas de promoción, la regulación de los envases del tabaco, la generalización de los espacios sin humo, y la información a la ciudadanía sobre sus efectos perjudiciales. Algunas han seguido una evolución favorable en España, pero en otras hay amplio margen de mejora. La estrategia MPOWER de la Organización Mundial de la Salud ofrece una guía para el desarrollo de las políticas más efectivas de control del tabaquismo. A su luz, se recomienda poner énfasis en acciones relativas a ampliar las normas sobre aire limpio, en desarrollar servicios de apoyo a distancia para dejar de fumar, en realizar periódicamente campañas publicitarias de amplia cobertura para fomentar el abandono del tabaco, en reforzar el apoyo para dejar de fumar desde los servicios sanitarios, en financiar los tratamientos farmacológicos, en ampliar la prohibición de la publicidad de tabaco a los dispositivos electrónicos que liberan nicotina, y en incrementar la carga fiscal sobre el conjunto de labores de tabaco y otros pro-ductos con nicotina

This paper presents a strategic analysis of the prevention of smoking in Spain. After a review of the situation of the epidemic and of the current prevention policies with the data available in 2019, it identifies the main problems to improve the prevention of smoking, while proposing strategies and key actions for the future. Considering as major objectives reducing the initiation of smoking and helping smokers quit, the different strategies of action and the key actions to be developed. In addition to helping smokers to stop smoking from the health services, key preventive actions include several public policies including taxation, banning advertising and other forms of promotion, the regulation of tobacco packaging, the expansion of smoke-free spaces, and information to the public on its effects. Some of them have followed a positive path for prevention in Spain but for others there is wide room for improvement. The MPOWER strategy of the WHO offers a guide for the development of the most effective tobacco control policies. In its light it is recommended to put emphasis on actions related to expanding smoke-free areas, to develop distance support services to stop smoking, to periodically carry out advertising campaigns of wide coverage to encourage quitting, to reinforce support for quitting in health care services, to finance pharmacological treatments, to expand the advertising ban to electronic devices that release nicotine, and to increase the tax burden on tobacco and other products delivering nicotine

A population based perspective of twenty years of specialized ambulatory treatment for alcohol use disorders in publicly financed clinics. Barcelona 1996-2015.

OBJECTIVE: To provide information on persons treated for alcohol use disorders (AUD) over 20 years in a large city in a Southern European country and its trends, adding knowledge on the frequency of treatment from a population perspective. METHODS: This is a study of the number of annual admissions to ambulatory addiction treatment centers funded by the public sector in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) for the years 1996-2015. Descriptive analyses of AUD admissions were conducted, comparing changes in the number of patients entering treatment by different independent variables across periods. For city residents, sex and age-specific population annual treatment initiation rates were estimated. RESULTS: The number of ambulatory admissions to AUD treatment increased over the study period. There were about 2100 treatment admissions per year in 2011-2015, of which one fourth were women. About half of these patients had never been treated before for any substance use disorder. Annual rates of treatment initiation among city residents were 208 and 68 per 100,000 people aged 15 and older for men and women respectively, almost the double among 45-54 years old citizens. Rates of total AUD treatment admission increased moderately, but declined among younger adult men. CONCLUSIONS: These figures provide a basic population-based estimation for formal AUD treatment use in a Southern European urban setting with services available free of charge. The development of ambulatory publicly funded addiction centers may have improved access to treatment for people with AUD. age-related changes in treatment admissions may either be related to trends in the population pattern of drinking or to changes in the city demographics.

[Differences between immediate and 30-day deaths due to traffic injuries according to forensic sources]. / Diferencias entre fallecimientos inmediatos y a 30 días por lesiones por tráfico según fuentes forenses.

OBJECTIVE: To study immediate (same day of the collision) and delayed (within 30 days of the collision) deaths due to traffic injuries in Catalonia (Spain) according to forensic sources and to assess the differences between the two kinds of deaths. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational study was conducted of all the traffic accident deaths registered in the Institute of Legal Medicine of Catalonia between January 1(st) 2005 and December 31(st) 2014. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS v.18.0 statistical package. Comparisons of proportions were based on the χ(2) test. RESULTS: During the study period, 4044 deaths due to traffic injuries were recorded. Deaths within 30 days included more women, minors, elderly people, and pedestrians than immediate deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Traffic injury deaths in the 30 days following a crash differ from immediate deaths.

Diferencias entre fallecimientos inmediatos y a 30 días por lesiones por tráfico según fuentes forenses / Differences between immediate and 30-day deaths due to traffic injuries according to forensic sources

Objetivo: Conocer las diferencias entre los fallecidos por lesiones por tráfico el mismo día de la colisión y a 30 días en Cataluña a partir de fuentes forenses. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional de los datos de fallecidos por tráfico procedentes del Institut de Medicina Legal de Catalunya entre el 1 de enero de 2005 y el 31 de diciembre de 2014. Los datos se analizaron con el paquete estadístico SPSS v.18.0. Las comparaciones de proporciones se realizaron mediante la prueba de χ2. Resultados: Durante el período de estudio se registraron 4044 defunciones por lesiones por tráfico. Los fallecidos a 30 días fueron el 14,7% del total e incluyeron más mujeres, menores, personas ancianas y peatones que los inmediatos. Conclusiones: Los fallecidos por lesiones en los 30 días siguientes a una colisión tienen un perfil diferente a los fallecidos en el mismo día de la colisión (AU)

Objective: To study immediate (same day of the collision) and delayed (within 30 days of the collision) deaths due to traffic injuries in Catalonia (Spain) according to forensic sources and to assess the differences between the two kinds of deaths. Material and methods: An observational study was conducted of all the traffic accident deaths registered in the Institute of Legal Medicine of Catalonia between January 1st 2005 and December 31st 2014. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS v.18.0 statistical package. Comparisons of proportions were based on the χ2 test. Results: During the study period, 4044 deaths due to traffic injuries were recorded. Deaths within 30 days included more women, minors, elderly people, and pedestrians than immediate deaths. Conclusions: Traffic injury deaths in the 30 days following a crash differ from immediate deaths (AU)

Injury-Related Mortality Over 12 Years in a Cohort of Patients with Alcohol Use Disorders: Higher Mortality Among Young People and Women.

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to estimate excess death due to external causes among 18- to 64-year-olds with alcohol use disorder (AUD) who were treated at public outpatient treatment centers, and the time elapsed from treatment initiation to death. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study among 7,012 outpatients aged 18 to 64 years who began treatment for AUD between 1997 and 2007. Deaths due to external causes (intentional and unintentional injuries) were monitored until the end of 2008. Person-years (PY) of follow-up and crude mortality rates (CMRs) were calculated for all study variables, for each sex, and for 2 age groups (18 to 34 and 35 to 64 years). Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were estimated by age group and sex. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression. RESULTS: We recorded 114 deaths due to external causes. The CMR was 2.7 per 1,000 PY (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.2 to 3.2), with significant gender differences only among younger individuals (CMR for males = 3.9 per 1,000 PY [95% CI: 2.2 to 5.5] and CMR for females = 2.8 per 1,000 PY [95% CI: 0.1 to 5.6]). Unintentional injury was the most common cause of death (n = 65), of which acute poisoning (n = 25; 38.5%) and traffic accidents (n = 15; 23.1%) were the most prevalent. Suicide accounted for 91.8% (n = 49) of deaths from intentional injuries. The excess of mortality between the AUD group and the general population (SMR) was 9.5 higher than in the general population (95% CI: 7.9 to 11.4), with significant differences between genders (SMR = 6.1 [95% CI: 4.9 to 7.5] in males and SMR = 20.4 [95% CI: 13.9 to 29.9] in females). Approximately 35% of deaths among individuals aged <35 years and 60% among women occurred within a year of initiating treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of excess of mortality among people with AUD and patients' vulnerability during the initial years of treatment. Preventing premature deaths due to external causes among women and younger patients with AUD is a priority.

Suicidios y fuentes médico-forenses en España / Suicides and forensic pathology sources in Spain

No disponible

[Specialised treatment for alcohol abuse or dependence]. / Tratamiento especializado del abuso o dependencia del alcohol.

BACKGROUND: The National Plan for Drugs in Spain (PNSD) fostered the prevention and treatment of illegal drug use disorders, and now also covers alcohol use disorders. The goal of this paper is to estimate the number of persons in specialized treatment because of alcohol in public services. METHODS: Review of the key documents of the PNSD, the drug information system of Catalonia, and the Barcelona drug information system. For Catalonia and Barcelona data from 1991 to 2010 are presented. RESULTS: In recent years, there has been more information available for Spain as a whole, of varying validity and comprehensiveness. In Catalonia, the number of reported admissions to treatment for alcohol use disorders has risen: alcohol causes yearly over 40% of all admissions in the drug addiction treatment network; mean age is 44 years, and 23% are women. In Barcelona, admissions to treatment due to alcohol are more than 2.000 each year, relative frequency is 217 by 100.000 residents over 15 years for men and 67 for women. CONCLUSIONS: Available data shows that for alcohol, the drug information system needs further development in Spain, solving methodological issues. Available data for Catalonia suggests that the network of drug treatment centres has improved treatment for alcohol use disorders along with that of illegal drugs. This information is relevant, as there is almost no population based treatment data. This information should be completed for other Regional Administrations.

Tratamiento especializado del abuso o dependencia del alcohol / Specialised treatment for alcohol abuse or dependence

Fundamentos: El Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (PNSD) impulsó la prevención y el tratamiento de los trastornos por uso de drogas ilegales, y ahora abarca los trastornos por uso de alcohol. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una estimación de las personas en tratamiento especializado por alcohol en la red pública. Métodos: Se revisan documentos del PNSD, del sistema de información sobre drogodependencias de Cataluña y del de Barcelona. Para Cataluña y Barcelona se presentan datos de 1991 a 2010. Resultados: Para el conjunto de España hay información disponible desde hace pocos años, con exhaustividad y validez variable. En Catalunya, el número de admisiones a tratamiento por alcohol notificadas se incrementó: el alcohol causa anualmente más del 40% del total de admisiones a tratamiento en la red de drogodependencias; la edad media es de 44 años y el 23% son mujeres. En Barcelona las admisiones a tratamiento por alcohol superan las 2.000 al año, suponiendo 217 por 100.000 habitantes mayores de 15 años varones y 67 en mujeres. Conclusiones: Los datos disponibles sugieren que por lo que respecta al alcohol el sistema de información sobre drogas ha de desarrollarse más en España, resolviendo problemas metodológicos. Los datos disponibles para Cataluña sugieren que la red de atención a drogas ha permitido abordar la necesidad asistencial por dependencia al alcohol conjuntamente con la de drogas ilegales. Esta información es relevante, pues apenas existen datos de tratamiento referidos a la población (AU)

Background: The National Plan for Drugs in Spain (PNSD) fostered the prevention and treatment of illegal drug use disorders, and now also covers alcohol use disorders. The goal of this paper is to estimate the number of persons in specialized treatment because of alcohol in public services. Methods: Review of the key documents of the PNSD, the drug information system of Catalonia, and the Barcelona drug information system. For Catalonia and Barcelona data from 1991 to 2010 are presented. Results: In recent years, there has been more information available for Spain as a whole, of varying validity and comprehensiveness. In Catalonia, the number of reported admissions to treatment for alcohol use disorders has risen: alcohol causes yearly over 40% of all admissions in the drug addiction treatment network; mean age is 44 years, and 23% are women. In Barcelona, admissions to treatment due to alcohol are more than 2.000 each year, relative frequency is 217 by 100.000 residents over 15 years for men and 67 for women. Conclusions: Available data shows that for alcohol, the drug information system needs further development in Spain, solving methodological issues. Available data for Catalonia suggests that the network of drug treatment centres has improved treatment for alcohol use disorders along with that of illegal drugs. This information is relevant, as there is almost no population based treatment data. This information should be completed for other Regional Administrations (AU)

Evaluation of the effectiveness of a school-based cannabis prevention program.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of a cannabis prevention program in high school students was assessed. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention implemented in an intervention group (IG) with 39 schools compared with a control group (CG) of 47 schools not exposed to the intervention. Of 224 secondary schools in Barcelona, 86 were assessed in the 2005-2006 school year through a personal questionnaire administered at baseline and 15 months after the intervention. Participants consisted of 4848 ninth graders (14-15 year-olds), 2803 assigned to the IG and 2043 to the CG, according to the type and size of the school and the socioeconomic status of the school's neighborhood. The intervention consisted of a school-based cannabis prevention program (xkpts.com), with four sessions and 16 activities, implemented over 6-10h, with materials for parents and web-based student involvement. Last-month cannabis use was assessed at baseline and at 15 months' follow-up. Process evaluation indicators were assessed. RESULTS: At 15 months follow-up, 8.2% of boys and 8.3% of girls in the IG became last-month cannabis users versus 11.8% of boys and 11.6% of girls in the CG. These differences were statistically significant (p=0.003), representing a 29% reduction in last-month cannabis users in the IG compared with the CG. The incidence of last-month cannabis use was lowest in classrooms that adhered to the program protocol. CONCLUSIONS: The xkpts.com program was effective in preventing progression to last-month cannabis use. Effectiveness was higher in classrooms that adhered closely to the protocol.

Psychiatric morbidity among young-adults cannabis users.

This cross-sectional study aims to determine lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders (including substance use disorders, -SUD and other non substance use disorders, -Non-SUD) among 289 young (18- 30 years) regular cannabis users, during the last year, in non-clinical settings in Barcelona. The Spanish version of the Psychiatric Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM) was administered. Only 28% of the participants did not present any psychiatric disorder; while 65% had some SUD, the most common related to cannabis use (62%). Nearly 27% presented a non-SUD disorder. A younger age of initiation on alcohol use was associated with the presence of some SUD. Having consumed a greater number of "joints" in the last month was associated with the presence of both psychiatric disorders (SUD and non-SUD). While three quarters of subjects with non-SUD disorders had received some kind of treatment, only 28% of those with any SUD had received treatment. Given the low perception for need of treatment, there is a need for prevention strategies and to be able to offer therapies specifically tailored targeting young cannabis users.

Comorbilidad psiquiátrica en jóvenes-adultos consumidores de cannabis / Psychiatric morbidity among young-adults cannabis users

Este estudio transversal tiene como objetivo determinar la prevalencia vida de trastornos psiquiátricos (incluyendo los trastornos por uso de sustancias, –TUS y los otros trastornos no por uso de sustancias, –No-TUS) entre 289 jóvenes (18-30 años) consumidores regulares de cannabis durante el último año, reclutados fuera del entorno asistencial en Barcelona. Se administró la versión española de la Psychiatric Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM). Sólo el 28% de los participantes no presentó ningún trastorno psiquiátrico, y el 65% tenía algún TUS, el más común relacionado con el cannabis (62%). Casi el 27% presentó trastornos no-TUS. Una edad de inicio más temprana en el consumo de alcohol se asoció con la presencia de algún TUS. Haber consumido un número mayor de “porros” en el último mes se asoció con la presencia de trastornos psiquiátricos (TUS y no-TUS).Mientras tres cuartas partes de los pacientes con trastornos no-TUS habían recibido algún tipo de tratamiento, sólo el 28% de las personas con cualquier TUS habían recibido tratamiento. Dada la baja percepción de necesidad de tratamiento, se hacen necesarias estrategias de prevención y poder ofrecer terapias adaptadas y dirigidas a los consumidores jóvenes de cannabis(AU)

This cross-sectional study aims to determine lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders (including substance use disorders, -SUD and other non substance use disorders, –Non-SUD) among 289 young (18-30 years) regular cannabis users, during the last year, in non-clinical settings in Barcelona. The Spanish version of the Psychiatric Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM) was administered. Only 28% of the participants did not present any psychiatric disorder; while 65% had some SUD, the most common related to cannabis use (62%). Nearly 27% presented a non-SUD disorder. A younger age of initiation on alcohol use was associated with the presence of some SUD. Having consumed a greater number of “joints” in the last month was associated with the presence of both psychiatric disorders (SUD and non-SUD). While three quarters of subjects with non-SUD disorders had received some kind of treatment, only 28% of those with any SUD had received treatment. Given the low perception for need of treatment, there is a need for prevention strategies and to be able to offer therapies specifically tailored targeting young cannabis users(AU)

La entrevista Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) para el diagnóstico de trastornos psiquiátricos en jóvenes consumidores de cannabis / The Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) for psychiatric disorders diagnosis in young cannabis users

No disponible