Determining the Optimal Intramedullary Screw Canal Fill Ratio in Length Unstable Metacarpal Fractures: A Biomechanical Investigation.

PURPOSE: Intramedullary (IM) screw fixation is gaining popularity in the treatment of metacarpal fractures. Despite its rapid adoption, there is a paucity of evidence regarding parameters to optimize effectiveness. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between stability, IM screw size, and canal fill using a cadaveric model. METHODS: Thirty cadaveric metacarpals (14 index, 13 middle, and three ring fingers; mean age: 58.3 years, range: 48-70) were selected to allow for canal fill ratios of 0.7-1.1 for screws sized 3.0, 3.5, and 4.5 mm. Metacarpals underwent a 45° volar-dorsal osteotomy at the midpoint before fixation with an IM screw. Specimens were subjected to 100 cycles of loading at 10 N, 20 N, and 30 N before load-to-failure testing. Correlation coefficients for angular displacement on the final cycle at each load, peak load to failure, and average stiffness were assessed. RESULTS: Correlation coefficients for the angular displacement on the 100th cycle were as follows: 10 N, R = 0.62, 20 N, R = 0.57, and 30N, R = 0.58. Correlation values for peak load to failure as a function of canal fit were as follows: 3.0 mm, R = 0.5, 3.5 mm, R = 0.17, and 4.5 mm, R = 0.44. The canal fill ratio that intersected the line-of-best fit at an angular deformity of 10° was 0.74. Average peak forces for 3.0-, 3.5-, and 4.5-mm screws were 79.5, 136.5, and 179.6 N, respectively. Average stiffness for each caliber was 14.8, 33.4, and 52.3 N/mm. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing screw diameter and IM fill resulted in more stable fixation, but marginal gains were seen in ratios >0.9. A minimum fill ratio of 0.74 was sufficient to withstand forces of early active motion with angular deformity <10°. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An understanding of the relationship of IM fill ratio of metacarpal screws to fracture stability may provide a framework for clinicians to optimally size these implants.

The Sensitivity of the Scapholunate Interval and Bony Landmarks to Wrist Rotation on Posteroanterior Radiographs.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of wrist rotation on the scapholunate interval in the posteroanterior radiograph and to identify radiographic landmarks on the posteroanterior projection that can be used to assess position. METHODS: Eleven healthy cadaveric wrists were radiographed in the neutral position and subsequently were rotated and imaged from 30° pronation to 30° supination in 10° intervals. At each interval, the scapholunate interval was measured as well as the following landmarks: (1) the visible perimeter of the base of the hook of the hamate; (2) the radial-ulnar distribution of the dorsal nonarticular surface of the distal third metacarpal head; (3) the radial-ulnar distribution of the pisiform about the longitudinal axis of the ulna; and (4) the overlap of the pisiform and triquetrum. RESULTS: The scapholunate interval was largest in the neutral position and linearly decreased by 34% for every 10° of pronation and decreased nonlinearly by 86% after the first 10° of supination. The appearance of the distal third metacarpal head was shown to be sensitive to both pronation and supination. The perimeter of the hook of the hamate and the distribution of the pisiform compared to the ulna were both shown to be sensitive to supination, whereas overlap of the pisiform and triquetrum was not shown to be sensitive to either direction of rotation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the significant effect of rotation on radiographic landmarks at the wrist, indicating that 10° of supination can drastically alter the developed radiograph.

Can Patients Rely on ChatGPT to Answer Hand Pathology-Related Medical Questions?

BACKGROUND: In recent years, ChatGPT has become a popular source of information online. Physicians need to be aware of the resources their patients are using to self-inform of their conditions. This study investigates physician-graded accuracy and completeness of ChatGPT regarding various questions patients are likely to ask the artificial intelligence (AI) system concerning common upper limb orthopedic conditions. METHODS: ChatGPT 3.5 was interrogated concerning 5 common orthopedic hand conditions: carpal tunnel syndrome, Dupuytren contracture, De Quervain tenosynovitis, trigger finger, and carpal metacarpal arthritis. Questions evaluated conditions' symptoms, pathology, management, surgical indications, recovery time, insurance coverage, and workers' compensation possibility. Each topic had 12 to 15 questions and was established as its own ChatGPT conversation. All questions regarding the same diagnosis were presented to the AI, and its answers were recorded. Each question was then graded for both accuracy (Likert scale of 1-6) and completeness (Likert scale of 1-3) by 10 fellowship trained hand surgeons. Descriptive statistics were performed. RESULTS: Overall, the mean accuracy score for ChatGPT's answers to common orthopedic hand diagnoses was 4.83 out of 6 ± 0.95. The mean completeness of answers was 2 out of 3 ± 0.59. CONCLUSIONS: Easily accessible online AI such as ChatGPT is becoming more advanced and thus more reliable in its ability to answer common medical questions. Physicians can anticipate such online resources being mostly correct, however incomplete. Patients should beware of relying on such resources in isolation.

A Changing Landscape in the Surgical Management of Wrist Arthritis: An Analysis of National Trends From 2009 to 2019.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends in the annual volume and incidence of proximal row carpectomy (PRC), four-corner fusion (4CF), total wrist arthrodesis (TWF), and total wrist arthroplasty (TWA) from 2009 to 2019 in the United States. METHODS: The IBM Watson Health MarketScan databases were queried to identify annual case volumes for PRC, 4CF, TWF, and TWA from 2009 to 2019. The annual incidence of these procedures was then calculated based on the population estimates from the US Census Bureau. Trends in annual volume and incidence over the study period were evaluated using regression line analysis. Further subgroup analysis was conducted based on age and region. RESULTS: From 2009 to 2019, the total case volumes for the four procedures increased by 3.4%, but the incidence decreased by 2.8%. However, PRC case volume and incidence trends significantly increased (38.2% and 29.7%, respectively), whereas 4CF remained constant. Conversely, the case volume and incidence of TWA significantly decreased (-52.2% and -54.5%, respectively), whereas TWF remained constant. When stratified by age, all four procedures decreased in the <45-year-old cohort (combined -35.1%) significantly for 4CF, TWF, and TWA. TWA decreased significantly in the <45-year-old and 45- to 65-year-old cohorts (53.6% and 63.2%, respectively). For age >65 years, the total case incidence increased by 98.9%, including a significant positive trend in TWF (175%). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical management of wrist arthritis remains a controversial issue. However, PRC has gained recent support in the literature, and our results reflect this shift, even for the <45-year-old cohort. Furthermore, TWA declined, despite reports of positive early outcomes for fourth-generation implants. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic II.

Total Wrist Arthroplasty: An International Perspective.

Concerns about implant durability and technical difficulty continue to make total wrist arthroplasties a specialized procedure with a narrow scope of indications. As a result, more routinely performed total or partial wrist arthrodesis continues to maintain popularity over arthroplasty. However, wrist motion preservation is undoubtedly preferable for patients and current literature is trending to more favorable outcomes for total wrist arthroplasties. In the setting of the evolving role of wrist arthroplasties in clinical practice, it is important to focus on providing hand surgeons a practical approach to incorporating total wrist arthroplasty into the treatment toolbox available to them when treating patients with painful wrist arthritis.

Use it or lose it: The relationship between two image-based biomarkers in better understanding osteoarthritis progression in the wrist.

Bone tissue is influenced by its mechanical environment and adapts in response to its mechanical load. This is supported by studies analyzing bone adaptation in the knee and hip. Changes to the bone have also been found to precede cartilage degeneration in diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). Our objective was to demonstrate the relationship between joint contact and bone density in the wrists of healthy adults. Static CT scans with a calibration phantom were taken to obtain measures of bone mineral density (vBMD) in 3 normalized depths; 0 - 2.5, 2.5 - 5, and 5 - 7.5 mm. Participants underwent a four-dimensional CT scan (4DCT) while performing maximum wrist extension to maximum wrist flexion. 3D bone models of the distal radius, scaphoid, and lunate were made, and analyzed vBMD and joint contact area (JCA) in the radiolunate (RL) and radioscaphoid (RS) joints separately. Correlation coefficients were calculated where vBMD was the dependent variable, and kinematic JCA throughout every 10 degrees of motion were the independent variables. Statistically significant independent variables associated with vBMD were assessed using a regression model and were entered in steps; (1) significant correlations, (2) sex, and (3) age.An increase in vBMD was significantly, positively associated with an increase in JCa. Notably, in the deeper regions (5 - 7.5 mm) of the radius that is primarily composed of trabecular bone. Sex contributed to the variance in vBMD, while age did not. Subchondral bone changes are influenced by wrist position, demonstrating that the wrist serves to bear load similar to the knee and hip.

A Kinematic Analysis of Wrist and Carpal Function Using Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography Technology: A Dynamic Perspective.

PURPOSE: An emerging imaging modality, four-dimensional computed tomography, can provide dynamic evaluation of carpal motion, which allows for a better understanding of how the carpals work together to achieve range of motion. The objective of this work was to examine kinematic motion of the carpus through a flexion/extension arc of motion using four-dimensional computed tomography. METHODS: A convenience sample of 20 uninjured participants underwent a four-dimensional computed tomography scanning protocol through a complete arc of flexion/extension motion. Kinematic changes in motion were quantified using helical axes motion data for each carpal. Rotation angles were compared between bones to identify differences in kinematic motion between bones. RESULTS: The bones within the proximal carpal row, the lunate, scaphoid, and triquetrum, rotate significantly to differing magnitudes at the ends of motion (40° of flexion and 40° of extension). The scaphoid rotates to the highest magnitude, followed by the triquetrum, and lastly, the lunate. The distal carpal row bones rotate to similar magnitudes throughout the entire range of motion. CONCLUSIONS: This work describes the kinematics of the carpals throughout dynamic in vivo flexion and extension. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study adds to an understanding of wrist mechanics and the possible clinical implications of pathological deviation from baseline kinematics.

Concomitant Extensor Pollicis Longus and Extensor Digitorum Longus Tendon Rupture may Complicate Surgical Reconstruction following Volar Plate Fixation of the Distal Radius: A Case Report.

Introduction: Hardware prominence is one of the major established complications following volar plating of distal radius fractures. In particular, dorsal prominence of screws is the leading risk factor associated with post-surgical extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon rupture. Although there are many descriptions of attritional EPL ruptures in the literature, concomitant presentation of attritional EPL and extensor digitorum communis (EDC) ruptures following volar plating of distal radius fractures are minimal. Case Report: We present a case of concomitant rupture of the EPL and occult rupture of the EDC to the index finger following volar plating of the distal radius. This was discovered intraoperatively and complicated the proposed tendon transfer reconstruction. Conclusion: Locked volar plate fixation has become the preferred technique for surgical management of distal radius fractures. The complication of multiple extensor tendon ruptures is rare but nevertheless may be encountered. We discuss strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Surgeons should be aware of and prepared to proceed with alternative reconstructive procedures if this complication is discovered.

Prolonged Opioid Use Following Distal Radius Fracture Fixation: Who Is at Risk and What are the Consequences?

Purpose: Opioid pain medication is most commonly prescribed after distal radius fracture fixation, and there is high variability in the quantity and duration prescribed. Comorbidities, including substance use and depression, have been associated with higher consumption habits, and increased sizes of postoperative opioid prescriptions have been previously linked to an increasing risk of chronic opioid use and opioid use disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate opioid prescription patterns after distal radius fracture fixation and identify patient-specific risk factors associated with increased opioid prescription refills. Methods: A retrospective review of 34,629 opioid-naïve patients was conducted using the IBM MarketScan database. The database was queried to identify patient records from January 2009 to December 2017. Demographic, comorbidity, complication data, and prescription pharmacy claims were analyzed. Patients were sorted according to the duration of postoperative prescription refills of opioid pain medication. Results: Seventy-three percent of the patients required no additional refills outside the perioperative window. Twenty percent required additional refill prescriptions, and 6.4% of patients continued to fill the opioid medication beyond 6 months after surgery. Multiple factors increased the risk of increased opioid use, including medical and surgical complications, substance use, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. Patients with a longer duration of opioid use after surgery had higher rates of medical and surgical complications. Perioperative prescription quantities were 62.9, 78.6, and 83.3 tablets for no refill, refill (<6M), and prolonged-use groups (>6M), respectively. Conclusions: Patients who underwent distal radius fracture fixation were at greater odds for prolonged opioid use after surgery in the presence of comorbid cardiovascular, renal, metabolic, and mental health illnesses and postoperative medical and surgical complications. A greater understanding of patient-specific factors for prolonged opioid consumption after distal radius fracture fixation can help providers identify at-risk patients who would benefit from a tailored approach to counseling and multimodal pain management. Patients should be educated on these risks associated with their surgery and be provided with alternative medical options and health care resources to optimize pain control and reduce their need for opioid medication as their primary tool for pain relief. Type of study/level of evidence: Therapeutic III.

Volar versus dorsal approach for supinator to posterior interosseous nerve transfer: An anatomical study in cadavers.

INTRODUCTION: Supinator to posterior interosseous nerve (SPIN) transfer allows reconstruction of finger/thumb extension and thumb abduction for low radial nerve palsy, incomplete C6 tetraplegia, and brachial plexus injury affecting C7-T1. No study has compared dorsal versus volar approach to perform SPIN transfer. This comparison is studied in the present work, assessing supinator motor branch length and ability to achieve nerve transfer from either approach. METHODS: Ten fresh frozen cadavers were randomly allocated to receive either a dorsal or volar approach to PIN and supinator radial and ulnar branches (RB = radial, UB = ulnar). Supinator head innervation patterns were documented. RB and UB lengths, forearm lengths measured from ulnar styloid to olecranon, visualization of extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) motor nerve without additional dissection, and ability to perform tension-free nerve transfer were assessed. RESULTS: Nine of 10 specimens had supinator branches innervating both heads. The ECRB nerve was visualized in all volar but only one dorsal approach. No significant differences in forearm length were found. Volar with elbow extended: mean RB length was 35 ± 7.8 mm and UB was 37.8 ± 9.3 mm. Dorsal with elbow extended: mean RB length was 30 ± 4.1 mm and UB was 38.8 ± 7.3 mm. Dorsal with elbow flexed 90°: RB was 25.6 ± 3.8 mm and UB was 34.8 ± 4.8 mm. No significant differences were found in branch lengths between approaches (dorsal vs. volar UB, p = .339; dorsal vs. volar RB, p = .117). All limbs achieved tension-free coaptation. CONCLUSION: Neither approach demonstrated superiority in achieving tension-free nerve transfer. Volar permitted immediate identification of ECRB nerve whereas this was only visualized in one dorsal specimen without additional dissection. Overall, the volar approach allows direct coaptation in elbow extension, mimicking maximal physiologic tension for neurorrhaphy. It simultaneously permits additional procedures for pinch reconstruction via single exposure, circumventing limb/microscope maneuvering, dorsal dissection, and increased operative time. Ultimate choice of approach should depend on surgeon familiarity and potential need for additional simultaneous transfers.

Intramedullary Metacarpal Fracture Fixation: A Biomechanical Study of Screw Diameter and Comparison With Intramedullary Wire Stabilization.

PURPOSE: Interest in intramedullary metacarpal fracture fixation (IMFF) with screws is increasing. However, the optimal screw diameter for fracture fixation is not yet established. In theory, larger screws should be more stable, but there is concern about long-term sequelae of larger metacarpal head defects and extensor mechanism injury created during insertion as well as implant cost. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare different diameter screws for IMFF to a popular and more cost-effective alternative of intramedullary wiring. METHODS: Thirty-two cadaveric metacarpals were used in a transverse metacarpal shaft fracture model. Treatment groups consisted of IMFF with 3.0 × 60 mm, 3.5 x 60 mm, and 4.5 x 60 mm screws as well as 4 1.1-mm intramedullary wires. Cyclic cantilever bending was performed with the metacarpals mounted at 45° to simulate physiologic loading. Cyclical loading at 10, 20, and 30 N was performed to determine fracture displacement, stiffness, and ultimate force. RESULTS: At 10, 20, and 30 N of cyclical loading, all screw diameters tested provided similar stability as measured by fracture displacement and were superior to the wire group. However, ultimate force under load to failure testing was similar between the 3.5- and 4.5-mm screws and superior to 3.0-mm screws and wires. CONCLUSIONS: For IMFF, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.5-mm diameter screws provide adequate stability for early active motion and are superior to wires. When comparing the different screw diameters, 3.5- and 4.5-mm diameter screws offer similar construct stability and strength superior to the 3.0-mm diameter screw. Therefore, to minimize metacarpal head morbidity, smaller screw diameters may be preferable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study suggests that IMFF with screws is biomechanically superior to wires in cantilever bending strength in the transverse fracture model. However, smaller screws may be sufficient to permit early active motion while minimizing metacarpal head morbidity.

Vascularized versus non-vascularized bone grafting for scaphoid nonunion without avascular necrosis: a randomized clinical trial.

In this clinical trial, patients were randomized to receive a pedicled vascularized bone graft, based on the 1,2-intercompartmental supraretinacular artery, or a non-vascularized iliac crest graft. Fixation was done with K-wires. Union and time to union were assessed using CT scans at regular intervals. Twenty-three patients received a vascularized graft, and 22 received a non-vascularized graft. Thirty-eight patients were available for union assessment and 23 for clinical measurements. There were no significant differences in union incidence, time to union, incidence of complications, patient-reported outcome scores, or wrist mobility and grip strength at final follow-up between the treatment groups. Smokers were 60% less likely to achieve union, independent of graft type. When controlling for smoking, patients receiving a vascularized graft were 72% more likely to achieve union. Given our small sample size, results should be interpreted with caution.Level of evidence: I.

Potential Role for Non-Salvage Procedures in the Treatment of Kienböck Disease Stage IV: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this systematic review is to identify whether non-salvage procedures can provide satisfactory and acceptable outcomes in Lichtman stage IV disease. METHODS: The MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases were systematically searched for English publications between 1989 and 2019 that reported stage IV-specific primary treatment outcomes. Revisions and skeletally immature patients were excluded. Data extracted were patient demographics, pain scores, range of motion (ROM), grip strength, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). The results were pooled into 3 categories: conservative management, non-salvage, and salvage procedures. RESULTS: Data from 24 studies (n = 114 patients) were extracted. Compared with conservative management and non-salvage treatment (joint-leveling radial osteotomies, lunate reconstruction), salvage procedures (intercarpal and radiocarpal arthrodesis, proximal row carpectomy, total wrist arthroplasty) showed significantly decreased ROM in flexion-extension arc of motion (89° vs 95° vs 73°, respectively, P = .0001) and no significant differences in grip strength as a percentage of the contralateral side (83% vs 86% vs 79%, respectively, P = .28). All reported treatments provided pain relief, ability to return to previous occupations, and variable PROMs. CONCLUSIONS: In young, active, and labor-intensive patients, motion-preserving, non-salvage options may be worth trialing as they do not preclude future salvage options.

Effect of a Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Hemitenodesis on Reducing Volar Plate Strains for Swan Neck Deformities.

BACKGROUND: Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) hemitenodesis is a common procedure to treat swan neck deformity (SND). We hypothesize that this surgical technique is a biomechanically effective way to reduce strain in the volar plate at the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ). METHODS: Fifteen digits from 5 cadaveric specimens were tested using a novel in vitro active finger motion simulator under 4 finger conditions: intact, SND, FDS hemitenodesis, and FDS hemitenodesis with distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint fusion. Tensile loads in FDS and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and joint ranges of motion were measured by electromagnetic tracking. In addition, strain gauges were inserted under the volar plate to measure strain during PIPJ hyperextension. Results were analyzed using 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance tests. RESULTS: The SND condition increased volar plate strain by 176% ± 25% (P < .001) compared with the intact condition. The FDS hemitenodesis repair relieved more than 50% of the SND strain, restoring it to within no statistical difference from intact. The DIP fusion further reduced strain with no further statistical significance. At full flexion, FDS and FDP tendon loads diverged as a function of the test condition (P < .001). With the FDS hemitenodesis, the FDP load increased by 2.1 ± 1.5 N from the SND condition (P < .001), whereas the FDS load decreased by 1.3 ± 1.3 N (P = .012). CONCLUSION: The FDS hemitenodesis repair restored strains to within 3.0 milli-strain of the intact condition with no significant difference. Application of DIP fusion did not further protect the PIPJ from increased hyperextension and further exacerbated the imbalance of flexor tendon loads.

Dupuytren Disease: Surgical Tips, Optimizing Outcomes, and Cost Considerations.

Dupuytren disease is associated with benign fibroproliferative changes to the palmar fascia of the hand sometimes resulting in progressive contractures of the fingers. The earliest descriptions of these contractures date back to the 18th century. Much has been learned about the condition since the clawing condition was first described; however, optimal treatment still poses significant challenges to modern-day surgeons. It is important to examine the treatment options for Dupuytren disease and highlight the current evidence, techniques, and cost considerations of open fasciectomy, needle aponeurotomy, and recently described minimally invasive treatment.

The Evaluation of a Flexor Digitorum Profundus-to-Volar Plate Zone I Repair Versus Button Repair: An In vitro Biomechanics Study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate joint kinematics and tendon work of flexion (WOF) following a flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)-to-volar plate (VP) repair technique relative to a pullout button for zone I flexor tendon injuries. METHODS: Fourteen digits were tested using an in vitro active finger motion simulator under 3 repaired conditions following a simulated zone I avulsion: button, FDP-VP, and "no slack" FDP-VP (corrected for additional VP length). Outcome metrics included active joint range of motion (ROM), fingertip strength, FDP and flexor digitorum superficialis tensile loads, and WOF. RESULTS: The button and FDP-VP techniques restored WOF to the intact condition for FDP and flexor digitorum superficialis. All repairs restored distal interphalangeal joint ROM and kinematics to the intact condition. Similarly, all repairs restored WOF; however, the "no slack" FDP-VP significantly increased WOF by 10% to 12% over the simple FDP-VP repair. The button technique had similar fingertip strength to the intact condition, whereas the FDP-VP repairs significantly reduced peak fingertip strength from intact, albeit only 1-2 N compared with the button repair. CONCLUSION: In this in vitro cadaveric model, the button and FDP-VP techniques restored WOF and ROM to within intact levels, with no difference between these repairs in all measured outcome metrics. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Based on its initial strength and its equal biomechanical performance compared with the button repair, the FDP-VP technique may be a viable option for treating FDP avulsions.

An Interpretive Descriptive Approach to Understanding Osteoporosis Management from the Perspective of People at Risk of Fracturing.

Purpose: Adherence to both non-pharmacological and pharmacological fracture prevention interventions is often low in people with osteoporosis. Understanding how patients acquire information about osteoporosis management is important for understanding both the initial decision-making and ongoing adherence. This study explored the narrative of people living with osteoporosis and their personal experience getting information about their osteoporosis management. Methods: An interpretive descriptive method was used for this qualitative study. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 Canadian participants (age range 51-90) who knew that they had osteoporosis or osteopenia. Participants were asked to participate in one-on-one interviews to address the type of health professionals providing osteoporosis management advice focusing specifically on advice received about exercise, nutrition, and falls prevention. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded sentence-by-sentence. Results: People with osteoporosis rely on physicians for advice related to pharmacological treatment needs, and other health professionals for non-pharmacological needs such as exercise advice, nutrition advice, and falls prevention advice. People value non-professionals, such as family members and close friends, who may or may not have osteoporosis, to discuss or corroborate health professional advice, or to validate their belief system. Conclusion: Training patients to more effectively engage in conversations with their healthcare providers may be a strategy to improve the quality of communication and its translation into adherence to best practices in managing osteoporosis.

An interpretive descriptive approach of patients with osteoporosis and integrating osteoporosis management advice into their lifestyle.

INTRODUCTION: Although osteoporosis-exercise recommendations have been established, implementation of the information remains a challenge for people with osteoporosis. This study aimed to understand how participants integrate osteoporosis management advice into their lifestyle and the challenges they might face. METHODS: Integrative descriptive methods were used for this qualitative study. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 Canadian participants (age range 51-90) that knew they had osteoporosis. Participants were asked to participate in one-on-one interviews; discussing exercise, nutrition and falls prevention for people with osteoporosis. RESULTS: The following themes emerged from this study: understanding fragility fractures and fall risk, knowledge acquisition through personal and vicarious experience over the lifespan, awareness of environmental risks and opportunities, understanding the effect of exercise on the bones and in life, challenges managing exercise expectations, attitude towards non-pharmacological management. CONCLUSION: Participants recognized the benefit of non-pharmacological management for managing osteoporosis, but sometimes found it difficult to integrate into their daily activities due to lack of time or knowledge. Participants weren't always clear on which component of their osteoporosis management should be prioritized.

The Utility of Quantitative Computed Tomography to Detect Differences in Subchondral Bone Mineral Density Between Healthy People and People With Pain Following Wrist Trauma.

The mechanisms underlying chronic pain development following musculoskeletal trauma are complex and multifactorial. In their search, some researchers are turning to the subchondral bone as a potential contributor to pain due to its vascularity, using a depth-specific imaging technique. However, this technique has been mainly used in the knee. We propose the use of a quantitative computed tomography (QCT) depth-specific analysis to measure subchondral bone following wrist trauma. Ten participants (n = 5 post-trauma; n = 5 healthy) underwent bilateral computed tomography scans of their wrist accompanied by a calibration phantom with known densities. Average subchondral volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) was studied at three depths from the subchondral surface (0-2.5, 2.5-5, 5-7.5 mm) according to radial articular surface contact in both wrists of each participant. Percentage differences and Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated to analyze bilateral vBMD and vBMD differences between groups. This image-based tool demonstrated subject-specific, depth-specific, and joint-specific measures of vBMD within the wrist. This methodology highlighted the differences between depth-specific vBMD in healthy people and people who have experienced wrist trauma. Overall, the healthy cohort demonstrated higher vBMD across all three depths and both articular surfaces. This imaging technique further distinguished between subchondral cortical and trabecular bones, wherein clinical implications can be drawn from these distinctions in future work. Our study therefore supports the utility of a QCT imaging technique in detecting differences in depth-specific vBMD in the wrist.

How Much Scaphoid Can be Safely Resected? A Biomechanical Analysis of the Effects of Distal Scaphoid Resection.

BACKGROUND: Resection of the distal pole of the scaphoid has been advocated as a simple alternative to other wrist salvage procedures for scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse and scaphotrapezio-trapezoid arthritis. However, the extent of scaphoid that may be resected without adversely affecting carpal kinematics has never been clearly defined. METHODS: Seven cadaveric upper extremities were tested in a custom motion wrist simulator. A 3-stage sequential sectioning of the distal scaphoid protocol was performed in 25% increments then cyclic active wrist flexion-extension and dart thrower's motion trials were recorded. RESULTS: The extent of distal scaphoid resection had no effect on overall wrist range of motion. The lunate assumed a more extended position following resection of the distal scaphoid compared to intact. At 25%, 50%, and 75% of distal scaphoid resection, the lunate extended to 13.32° ± 9.4°, 23.43° ± 7.5°, and 15.81° ± 16.9°, respectively. The capitate migrated proximally with 25% and 50% distal scaphoidectomy, and proximally and radially with 75% of the scaphoid resected. Resection of 75% of the scaphoid resulted in unstable wrist kinematics. CONCLUSIONS: Resection of up to 25% of the distal scaphoid did not significantly influence carpal kinematics and induced mild lunate extension deformity. Resection of 50% of the scaphoid induced further and potentially clinically significant lunate extension and dorsal intercalated segment instability. Further removal of 75% of the distal scaphoid induced capitate migration radially and unpredictable wrist kinematics. Consequently, removal of over 25% of the scaphoid should be avoided or supplemented with partial wrist fusion.