Forum Theater: An Innovative Strategy to Enhance Clinician Communication With Marginalized Trauma Patients.

BACKGROUND: Marginalized groups experience a higher frequency of traumatic injury and are more likely to report negative experiences in the health care setting. Trauma center staff are prone to compassion fatigue, which impairs patient and clinician interactions for these groups. Forum theater (a form of interactive theater designed for addressing social issues) is proposed as an innovative method of exploring bias and has never been applied in the trauma setting. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to determine the feasibility of implementing forum theater as an adjunct to enhance clinician understanding of bias and its influence on communication between clinicians and trauma populations. METHODS: This is a descriptive qualitative analysis of adopting forum theater at a Level I trauma center in a New York City borough with a racially and ethnically diverse population. The implementation of a forum theater workshop was described, including our work with a theater company to address bias in the health care setting. Volunteer staff members and theater facilitators participated in an 8-hr workshop leading to a 2-hr multipart performance. Participant experiences were collected in a postsession debrief to understand the utility of forum theater. RESULTS: Debriefing sessions after forum theater performances demonstrated that forum theater is a more engaging and effective method for dialogue surrounding bias than personal past experiences with other educational models. CONCLUSION: Forum theater was feasible as a tool to enhance cultural competency and bias training. Future research will examine the impact it has on levels of staff empathy and its impact on participants' level of comfort communicating with diverse trauma populations.

Evaluation of a Practice Improvement Protocol for Patient Transfer From the Emergency Department to the Surgical Intensive Care Unit After a Level I Trauma Activation.

BACKGROUND: ED boarding is a major issue in many hospitals. ED boarding occurs when there is insufficient hospital capacity to supply inpatient beds for admitted patients. ED boarding is not only a problem because of increased wait times for patients but also because it results in delays in administration of medication, higher rates of complications, and increased mortality. METHODS: In an attempt to improve patient flow and reduce time spent in the emergency department for patients requiring admission to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU), the emergency department, trauma service, and SICU collaborated on a guideline. The protocol developed focused on level I trauma-activated patients who were admitted directly from the emergency department to the SICU. We compared the transfer times before the protocol was initiated (January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016) with the transfer times after initiation (January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017) using a paired Students' t-test. Other outcome variables analyzed were hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, mortality, complication rate, ventilator days, ventilator-free days, ICU-free days, and injury severity score (ISS). RESULTS: The average time to transfer for 2016 was 408.05 minutes (standard deviation 362.76) versus 142.73 minutes (standard deviation 101.90) for 2017. Emergency nurses saved 265.32 minutes per patient, totaling 8,755.56 minutes saved overall. Total amount of nursing hours saved was 146 hours. This was significant at P = 0.0015. No other variables analyzed were significant. CONCLUSION: We reduced the time to transfer from the emergency department to the SICU significantly by implementing a new protocol to expedite this transfer among level I trauma activations. Our protocol shows that a collaborative effort between the main emergency department and SICU can result in expedited care for injured and critically ill patients that not only increases care for the ill but also creates valuable space in a busy emergency department for better patient flow.

Successful Implementation of an Alcohol Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment Program.

Devastating effects of alcohol are well established in trauma. To address this, thve American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACS-COT) requires ACS-verified Level 1 trauma centers to have an active screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) program. In 2015, NewYork-Presbyterian/Queens successfully implemented an SBIRT program. Previous studies indicate difficulty in achieving a high level of SBIRT compliance. We explored the effects of a multidisciplinary approach in implementing a standardized screening protocol for every trauma-activated patient 15 years or older. A multidisciplinary team developed a standardized approach to identifying trauma patients for our SBIRT program. Social workers were trained in performing brief interventions and referral to treatment at a New York State-level training course prior to starting our SBIRT program. Blood alcohol levels were obtained in every trauma activation. Trauma patients who had a blood alcohol level greater than 0.02% were identified and tracked by the trauma service. These patients were referred to social workers, underwent brief intervention, and evaluated for referral to treatment if determined to be a high-risk alcohol user. Over the 8-month implementation period, we evaluated 693 trauma patients. A blood alcohol level was obtained on most trauma patients (n = 601, 86.6%). Patients with a blood alcohol level greater than 0.02% were referred to a social worker (n = 157, 22.6%). Social workers performed a brief intervention and evaluation for referral/treatment services for 129 of the trauma patients with elevated blood alcohol levels. Overall, 82% of intoxicated trauma patients underwent brief intervention, which identified 22 patients who were referred for treatment programs. An inclusive multidisciplinary approach to the implementation of an SBIRT program achieves a high level of compliance.

Implementation of a Radio-frequency Identification System to Improve the Documentation and Compliance of Attending Physicians' Arrival to Trauma Activations.

Background The documentation of physician arrival is an important component of trauma resuscitation. The American College of Surgeons (ACS) requires attending physicians at Level I and Level II trauma centers to arrive to the most critical traumas, full trauma team activations (full activations), within 15 minutes at 80% compliance, and to limited trauma team activations (limited activations) within a timely manner, which we designated as 60 minutes. However, our institution's rates of documentation and compliance using a paper-based trauma flowsheet (TFS) were found to be well below the 80% compliance rate. Methods Physicians began using a radio-frequency identification (RFID) badge to swipe into the emergency department (ED) upon arrival to the trauma room. Arrival times were taken from the swipes data and used to supplement missing or non-compliant times on the TFS. If a TFS was missing a time, it was considered both undocumented and noncompliant. A two-proportion z-test was used to compare the rates of documentation and compliance before and after the addition of swipes data. Results Documentation rates for full activations rose from 76% to 90%. Compliance rates for full activations rose from 70% (below the requirement) to 84% (compliant). Limited activation documentation and compliance rose significantly from 47.2% and 45.3% to 67.4% and 63.4%, respectively. Total documentation rose significantly from 49.9% to 69.7%. We went from below compliance to above compliance with the addition of the RFID system. Conclusion The use of the RFID technology improved the rates of documentation and compliance of attending physician arrival to trauma activations. Rates rose between 14 and 20 percentage points in each category, significantly in total documentation and in limited activation documentation and compliance. The addition of RFID swipes data made our rates improve to become compliant.