Achondroplasia with multiple supplemental supernumerary teeth and multiple talon cusps: A rare case report.

Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism, which is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder, caused by genetic mutation in fibroblast growth factor 3, leading to defective maturation of chondrocytes. It is known to be associated with various oral and dental manifestations such as delayed dental development, midfacial hypoplasia and constricted maxilla with a relatively large mandible, resulting in skeletal/dental Class III malocclusion, posterior crossbite, anterior reverse jet and anterior overbite. However, the association of achondroplasia with talon cusp and supernumerary teeth has never been reported in the literature. Wehereby reported a case of achondroplasia associated with such unusual findings. Moreover, all the three variants of talon cusp, i.e., "true talon,""semitalon" and "trace talon" are observed in the present case, which makes it a unique one. Further double talon cusps were noticed in the palatal aspect of maxillary central incisors.

Radiosensitizers, radioprotectors, and radiation mitigators.

Radiotherapy is regarded as one of the most important therapeutic modality for the treatment of malignant lesions. This field is undergoing rapid advancements in the recent times. With the use of radiosensitizers and radioprotective agents, the course of radiotherapy has improved the sensitization of tumor cells and protection of normal cells, respectively. The aim of this paper was to critically review and analyze the available compounds used as radiosensitizers, radioprotectors, and radiation mitigators. For reviewing, the author used the electronic search for the keywords 'Radiosensitizers', 'Radioprotectors', 'Radiation mitigators' on PubMed for inclusion of previously published articles and further search of reference papers on individual radiosensitizing and radioprotecting agents was done. Radiosensitizers are agents that sensitize the tumor cells to radiation. These compounds apparently promote fixation of the free radicals produced by radiation damage at the molecular level. The mechanism of action is similar to the oxygen effect, in which biochemical reactions in the damaged molecules prevent repair of the cellular radiation damage. Free radicals such as OH + are captured by the electron affinity of the radiosensitizers, rendering the molecules incapable of repair. Radioprotectors are compounds that are designed to reduce the damage in normal tissues caused by radiation. These compounds are often antioxidants and must be present before or at the time of radiation for effectiveness. Other agents, termed mitigators, may be used to minimize toxicity even after radiation has been delivered. This article tries to discuss the various aspects of radiosensitizers, radioprotectors, and radiation mitigators including the newer agents.