Research Progress of Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Polymer Porous Materials.

Flexible piezoresistive sensors are in high demand in areas such as wearable devices, electronic skin, and human-machine interfaces due to their advantageous features, including low power consumption, excellent bending stability, broad testing pressure range, and simple manufacturing technology. With the advancement of intelligent technology, higher requirements for the sensitivity, accuracy, response time, measurement range, and weather resistance of piezoresistive sensors are emerging. Due to the designability of polymer porous materials and conductive phases, and with more multivariate combinations, it is possible to achieve higher sensitivity and lower detection limits, which are more promising than traditional flexible sensor materials. Based on this, this work reviews recent advancements in research on flexible pressure sensors utilizing polymer porous materials. Furthermore, this review examines sensor performance optimization and development from the perspectives of three-dimensional porous flexible substrate regulation, sensing material selection and composite technology, and substrate and sensing material structure design.

Macrophage-Inspired marine antifouling coating with dynamic surfaces based on regulation of dynamic covalent bonds.

Macrophages can kill bacteria and viruses by releasing free radicals, which provides a possible approach to construct antifouling coatings with dynamic surfaces that release free radicals if the breaking of dynamic covalent bonds is precisely regulated. Herein, inspired by the defensive behavior of macrophages of releasing free radicals to kill bacteria and viruses, a marine antifouling coating composed of polyurethane incorporating dimethylglyoxime (PUx-DMG) is prepared by precise regulation of dynamic oxime-urethane covalent bonds. The obtained alkyl radical (R·) derived from the cleavage of the oxime-urethane bonds manages to effectively suppress the attachment of marine biofouling. Moreover, the intrinsic dynamic surface makes it difficult for biofouling to adhere and ultimately achieves sustainable antifouling property. Notably, the PU50-DMG coating not only presents efficient antibacterial and antialgae properties, but also prevents macroorganisms from settling in the sea for up to 4 months. This provides a pioneer broad-spectrum strategy to explore the marine antifouling coatings.

A Novel Hydrophobic Polyimide Film with Sag Structure Derived from Multi-Hybrid Strategy.

Polyimide (PI) film with hydrophilic greatly limits their application in the field of microelectronic device packaging. A novel hydrophobic PI film with sag structure and improved mechanical properties is prepared relying on the reaction between anhydride-terminated isocyanate-based polyimide (PIY) containing a seven-membered ring structure and the amino-terminated polyamide acid (PAA) via multi-hybrid strategy, this work named it as hybrid PI film and marked it as PI-PIY-X. PI-PIY-30 showed excellent hydrophobic properties, and the water contact angle could reach to 102°, which is 20% and 55% higher than simply PI film and PIY film, respectively. The water absorption is only 1.02%, with a decrease of 49% and 53% compared with PI and PIY. Due to that the degradation of seven-membered ring and generation of carbon dioxide led to the formation of sag structure, the size of sag structures is ≈16.84 and 534.55 nm for in-plane and out-plane direction, which are observed on surface of PI-PIY-30. Meanwhile, PI-PIY-30 possessed improved mechanical properties, and the tensile strength is 109.08 MPa, with 5% and more than 56% higher than that of pure PI and PIY film, showing greatly application prospects in the field of integrated circuit.

An exploratory study of delayed flash visual evoked potential P2 wave latency in subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cognitive dysfunction may present with significantly prolonged the P2 wave latency of flash visual evoked potential. However, no studies have been reported on whether the P2 wave latency of flash visual evoked potential is prolonged in patients with subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (SAE). OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between flash visual evoked potential P2 wave latency (FVEP-P2 wave latency) and cognitive impairment in patients with SAE. METHODS: Overall, we recruited 38 SAE patients as the observation cohort (OC) and 34 healthy volunteers as the control cohort (CC). We measured the FVEP-P2 wave latency for both groups. The SAE patients' cognitive abilities were evaluated via mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and the association between the latency of FVEP-P2 and MMSE score was explored by Pearsons´s correlation test. RESULTS: There is no significant difference between OC (21 males and 17 females; 68.6 ± 6.7 years of age and 9.6 ± 2.8 years of education) and CC (19 males and 15 females; 65.3 ± 5.9 years of age and 10.1 ± 2.6 years of education) in gender and age composition and education level. The FVEP-P2 wave latency of the CC group was (108.80 ± 16.70) ms and the OC FVEP-P2 wave latency was (152.31 ± 20.70) ms. The OC FVEP-P2 wave latency was significantly longer than the CC (P < 0.05). In terms of MMSE scores, the MMSE scores of CC was (28.41 ± 2.34), and that of OC was (9.08 ± 4.39). Compared to the CC, the OC MMSE score was significantly lower (P < 0.05). In addition, the FVEP-P2 wave latency was inversely related to the MMSE (r = -0.4465, P < 0.05) in SAE patients. CONCLUSION: The FVEP-P2 wave latency wave latency was significantly prolonged in SAE patients and strongly associated with the degree of cognitive dysfunction.

Structural Design and Research Progress of Thermally Conductive Polyimide Film - A Review.

Currently, heat accumulation has seriously affected the stabilities and life of electronic devices. Polyimide (PI) film with high thermal conductivity coefficient (λ) has long been held up as an ideal solution for heat dissipation. Based on the thermal conduction mechanisms and classical thermal conduction models, this review presents design ideas of PI films with microscopically ordered liquid crystalline structures which are of great significance for breaking the limit of λ enhancement and describes the construction principles of thermal conduction network in high-λ filler strengthened PI films. Furthermore, the effects of filler type, thermal conduction paths, and interfacial thermal resistances on thermally conductive behavior of PI film are systematically reviewed. Meanwhile, this paper summarizes the reported research and provides an outlook on the future development of thermally conductive PI films. Finally, it is expected that this review will give some guidance to future studies in thermally conductive PI film.

Fabrication of Rigid Isocyanate-Based Polyimide Foam Achieved Excellent Use Safety via Synergy between Expandable Graphite and Phosphorus-Containing Polyol.

For the advantages of low cost, excellent thermal insulation, and sound absorption properties, the rigid isocyanate-based polyimide foam (RPIF) presents great application prospects as a building insulation material. However, its inflammability and the accompanying toxic fumes create huge safety hazard. In this paper, reactive phosphate-containing polyol (PPCP) is synthesized and employed with expandable graphite (EG) to obtain RPIF with excellent use safety. EG can be considered as an ideal partner for PPCP to weaken the drawbacks in toxic fume release. Limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter test (CCT), and toxic gas results show that the combination of PPCP and EG can synergistically enhance flame retardancy and the use safety of RPIF owing to the unique structure of a dense char layer possessing a flame barrier and toxic gas adsorption effects. When EG and PPCP are simultaneously applied to the RPIF system, the higher EG dosage will bring higher positive synergistic effects in the use safety of RPIF. The most preferred ratio of EG and PPCP is 2:1 (RPIF-10-5) in this study; RPIF-10-5 shows the highest LOI, low CCT results and specific optical density of smoke, and low HCN concentration. This design and the findings are of great significance to improving the application of RPIF.

BDNF-modified human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived dopaminergic-like neurons improve rotation behavior of Parkinson's disease rats through neuroprotection and anti-neuroinflammation.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease still without any cure. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has shown therapeutic potential in PD, which is limited by its short half-life and inability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Stem cells not only present migration, differentiation and neurotrophy characteristics, but also can be used as delivery vectors for BDNF. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and possible mechanisms of BDNF-modified human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs)-derived dopaminergic (DAergic)-like neurons in the PD rats. Results showed that transplantation of BDNF-modified hUC-MSCs-derived DAergic-like neurons improved the apomorphine induced rotation behavior of PD rats, increased the dopamine concentration and the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1) in the striatum, promoted the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), nuclear receptor-related factor 1 (Nurr1), pituitary homeobox 3 (Pitx3), BDNF, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), phosphatidylinositol-3-hydroxykinase (PI3K), phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and inhibited the neural apoptosis in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum. Results suggest that BDNF-modified hUC-MSCs-derived DAergic-like neurons improve the rotation of PD rats might through neuroprotection and anti-neuroinflammation by regulating the BDNF-TrkB-PI3K/Akt and Hsp60-TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathways, respectively.

A high-flux antibacterial poly(amidoxime)-polyacrylonitrile blend membrane for highly efficient uranium extraction from seawater.

Uranium is an important fuel for nuclear power, with 4.5 billion tons of it stored in the oceans, 1,000 times more than on land. Polymer membrane materials are widely used in the marine resources fields, due to their convenient collection, good separation and can work continuously. Herein, a poly(amidoxime)-polyacrylonitrile blend membrane (PCP) with high flux, excellent antibacterial properties and uranium adsorption performance has been prepared by using the phase inversion method, and the prepared membrane was used for highly efficient uranium extraction from seawater. In static adsorption experiments, the PCP membrane reached adsorption equilibrium after 48 h, and the adsorption capacity was 303.89 mg/g (C0 =50 mg/L). In dynamic adsorption experiments, it was found that the lower flow rate and higher number of membrane layers were favorable for dynamic adsorption. In addition, the water flux of the PCP membrane was 7.4 times higher than that of the PAN membrane. The adsorption mechanism can be attributed to the chelation between amino and hydroxyl groups in CS, amidoxime group in poly(amidoxime) and uranyl ions. The simple preparation process coupled with the excellent adsorption performance indicated that the PCP membrane would be a promising material for the uranium extraction from seawater.

Theory-Guided Design of a Method to Obtain Competitive Balance between U(VI) Adsorption and Swaying Zwitterion-Induced Fouling Resistance on Natural Hemp Fibers.

The competitive balance between uranium (VI) (U(VI)) adsorption and fouling resistance is of great significance in guaranteeing the full potential of U(VI) adsorbents in seawater, and it is faced with insufficient research. To fill the gap in this field, a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was employed to explore the influence and to guide the design of mass-produced natural hemp fibers (HFs). Sulfobetaine (SB)- and carboxybetaine (CB)-type zwitterions containing soft side chains were constructed beside amidoxime (AO) groups on HFs (HFAS and HFAC) to form a hydration layer based on the terminal hydrophilic groups. The soft side chains were swayed by waves to form a hydration-layer area with fouling resistance and to simultaneously expel water molecules surrounding the AO groups. HFAS exhibited greater antifouling properties than that of HFAO and HFAC. The U(VI) adsorption capacity of HFAS was almost 10 times higher than that of HFAO, and the max mass rate of U:V was 4.3 after 35 days of immersion in marine water. This paper offers a theory-guided design of a method to the competitive balance between zwitterion-induced fouling resistance and seawater U(VI) adsorption on natural materials.

Mussel-inspired polydopamine microspheres self-adhered on natural hemp fibers for marine uranium harvesting and photothermal-enhanced antifouling properties.

The rapid development of nuclear energy and the accelerated consumption of uranium (U(VI)) ores have forced researchers to turn to marine U(VI) harvesting. However, the performance of marine U(VI) harvesting materials was challenged by the combination of ultralow concentrations of U(VI), high concentrations of various interfering ions and biofouling from abundant marine living organisms. Natural abundant hemp fibers (HFs) were adhered by mussel-inspired polydopamine microspheres (HFMPDA) during self-polymerization. Both HFs and PDA are derived from natural products with low-cost and eco-friendly properties to guarantee compatibility with biological marine environments. HFMPDA exhibits an outstanding distribution coefficient of 10.51 ± 0.51 L g-1 for U(VI) and great fouling resistance. The coordination forms between the U(VI) ion and HFMPDA were investigated by density functional theory (DFT), and the antifouling property was simulated by molecular dynamics (MD) calculations. The adsorption capacity of HFMPDA is 128.43 ± 3.26 µg g-1, which is 1.75 and 6.05 times higher than that of HFPDA (only covered by PDA) and V(V), respectively, after immersion for 34 days in the Yellow Sea, China. These polydopamine microspheres adhered to HF will be a photothermal marine U(VI) harvesting material with enhanced selectivity and fouling resistance.

Constructing an Amino-reinforced amidoxime swelling layer on a Polyacrylonitrile surface for enhanced uranium adsorption from seawater.

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based materials have been studied for decades as uranium (U(VI)) adsorbents, because the further products of abundant nitrile groups, amidoxime (AO) groups, show great affinity for U(VI) ions. However, excessive amidoximation could cause the shrinkage of PAN fibers, resulting in decreased adsorption performance. Hence, an amino-reinforced amidoxime (ARAO) swelling layer was constructed on the PAN fiber surface (PAN-NH2-AO) by modification of the strongly hydrophilic amino group to prevent shrinkage. The molecular chains in the ARAO swelling layer would be swelled due to the adsorption of a large amount of water. Simultaneously, U(Ⅵ) ions can penetrate into the ARAO swelling layer with water molecules and coordinate with amino or AO groups, leading to increased adsorption performance. PAN-NH2-AO exhibited maximum U(VI) and water adsorption capacities of 492.61 mg g-1 and 20.32 g g-1 at 25 â„ƒ with a swelling ratio of 20.73%, respectively. The adsorption capacity of PAN-NH2-AO was 0.312 mg g-1 after a 91-day immersion in Yellow Sea, China. The study of the adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics of PAN-NH2-AO showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous homogeneous chemical adsorption. This paper proposes a novel method to obstruct amidoximation induced shrinkage and to maximize the potential application of PAN-based materials.

Crawling and adhesion behavior of Halamphora sp. based on different parts of Folium Sennae-like film: Evaluation of analytical methods for anti-diatom experimental results.

Anti-diatom testing is a basic method to evaluate the anti-fouling performance of coatings. Many existing results of anti-diatom performances are evaluated based on their attachment number or coverage area, ignoring the influence of the crawling and adhesion behavior of diatoms on the analysis results. Here, a Folium Sennae-like film with multiple structural units was prepared by considering the influence of diatom attachment behaviors on the analysis results. The anti-diatom performances of different parts (divided and called four parts: edge, surface, cross striation, and vertical pattern) on the Folium Sennae-like film were evaluated using the counting and area methods. Obviously, the anti-diatom performance of the Folium Sennae-like film was superior to that of epoxy resin without structure. Under equal areas, the average numbers of diatoms on the cross striation and the vertical pattern were similar to the surface. It was found that the attachment behavior of Halamphora sp. is affected by microstructure units, rather than the combined structure of which the scale is much larger than that of diatoms. Meanwhile, the average attachment area for the unit number of diatoms was calculated. The diatom attachment area without microstructure, surface, cross striation, or vertical pattern was 81.751, 106.950, 73.904, and 84.376 µm2, respectively. Moreover, the static and dynamic motion behaviors of Halamphora sp. were studied, and the theory for Halamphora sp. attachment was modeled in three dimensions. The variable morphology of Halamphora sp. lead to inaccurate results for diatom analyses based on the counting and area methods, which is summarized here. This study discusses the evaluation method of coatings by anti-diatom performance, further promoting the research of diatoms in the field of antifouling.

The mussel-inspired micro-nano structure for antifouling:A flowering tree.

Mussels are typical marine fouling organisms that attach to surfaces though secretions, which is generally the focus of research on mussel-related fouling. This study reveals "a flowering tree" structure on mussel shells with antifouling performance. Based on the antifouling mechanism of surface microstructure, we prepared mussel-like shells (P) using the biomimetic replication method. Mussel adhesion experiments were conducted to examine the anti-mussel performances of the mussel shells and P. The anti-diatom performances of the mussel-like shells were also evaluated using three types of diatoms. The mussels responded differently to different locations on the shells, and the flowering tree microstructure exhibited excellent antifouling performance. In addition, VP (P immersed in vinyl silicon oil) and HP (P immersed in hydroxyl silicone oil) were prepared. The anti-diatom performance of VP was better than those of P and HP, indicating that hydrophobicity has a greater influence on anti-diatom performance than electronegativity. The newly discovered antifouling micro-nano structure was parameterized, revealing that a branch of the flowering tree has an inclination of 13.3° to the surface with a height of 210.1 nm. The results of this study provide insights for further investigations of bionic micro-nano structures in the field of antifouling.

Potent inhibition of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 by photosensitizers compounds.

The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) posed a major challenge to the public health. Currently, no proven antiviral treatment for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is available. Here we report compounds pentalysine ß-carbonylphthalocyanine zinc (ZnPc5K) and chlorin e6 (ce6) potently inhibited the viral infection and replication in vitro with EC50 values at nanomolar level. These compounds were first identified by screening a panel of photosensitizers for photodynamic viral inactivation. Such viral inactivation strategy is implementable, and has unique advantages, including resistance to virus mutations, affordability compared to the monoclonal antibodies, and lack of long-term toxicity.

Structural Basis of Covalent Inhibitory Mechanism of TMPRSS2-Related Serine Proteases by Camostat.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the viral pathogen causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic. No effective treatment for COVID-19 has been established yet. The serine protease transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) is essential for viral spread and pathogenicity by facilitating the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. The protease inhibitor camostat, an anticoagulant used in the clinic, has potential anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities against COVID-19. However, the potential mechanisms of viral resistance and antiviral activity of camostat are unclear. Herein, we demonstrate high inhibitory potencies of camostat for a panel of serine proteases, indicating that camostat is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of serine proteases. In addition, we determined the crystal structure of camostat in complex with a serine protease (uPA [urokinase-type plasminogen activator]), which reveals that camostat is inserted in the S1 pocket of uPA but is hydrolyzed by uPA, and the cleaved camostat covalently binds to Ser195. We also generated a homology model of the structure of the TMPRSS2 serine protease domain. The model shows that camostat uses the same inhibitory mechanism to inhibit the activity of TMPRSS2, subsequently preventing SARS-CoV-2 spread. IMPORTANCE Serine proteases are a large family of enzymes critical for multiple physiological processes and proven diagnostic and therapeutic targets in several clinical indications. The serine protease transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) was recently found to mediate SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host. Camostat mesylate (FOY 305), a serine protease inhibitor active against TMPRSS2 and used for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection of human lung cells. However, the direct inhibition mechanism of camostat mesylate for TMPRSS2 is unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that camostat uses the same inhibitory mechanism to inhibit the activity of TMPRSS2 as uPA, subsequently preventing SARS-CoV-2 spread.

Regulation of pro-σK activation: a key checkpoint in Bacillus subtilis sporulation.

The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis initiates the sporulation process under conditions of nutrient limitation. Here, we review related work in this field, focusing on the protein processing of the pro-σK activation. The purpose of this review is to illustrate the mechanism of pro-σK activation and provide structural insights into the regulation of spore production. Sporulation is not only important in basic science but also provides mechanistic insight for bacterial control in applications in, e.g., food industry.

Swollen-layer constructed with polyamine on the surface of nano-polyacrylonitrile cloth used for extract uranium from seawater.

In this study, a swelling layer was constructed on the surface of the nano-polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber fabric prepared by electrospinning to enrich uranium (U (VI)) adsorption from seawater. The constructed swelling layer composes of a polyethyleneimine (PEI) containing a huge amount of amino groups and imino groups with strong hydrophilicity. The molecular chain swelled in an aqueous solution by forming a swelling layer on the PAN surface. In addition, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (SA) was used as the side chain end group grafted on the PAN surface, the benzene ring as the side chain can hinder the rotation of the PEI chain, thereby increasing the rigidity. The increasing of the rigidity leads to stretch the conformation of the PEI molecular chain, increasing the probability of collision with U (VI), which is beneficial for adsorption. The adsorption capacity of the prepared adsorbent in the adsorption experiment reached 215.25 mg g-1, and the adsorption capacity in the 8 ppm spiked simulated seawater reached 144.5 mg g-1. The adsorption mechanism of U (VI) was analyzed by XPS. The sulfonic acid group in SA as the terminal group and amino group in the swelling layer formed a coordination structure with U (VI). The swelling layer constructed on the surface of polyacrylonitrile fibers is used to effectively extract uranium from seawater.

Zwitterionic modified electrostatic flocking surfaces for diatoms and mussels resistance.

Environmentally friendly antifouling coatings without biocide release need to be developed. Herein, a vertical array of nylon fibers coated with poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) was prepared by the electrostatic flocking technique and free radical polymerization catalyzed by Fe2+, which are called zwitterionic electrostatic flocking surfaces (ZEFS). The ZEFS showed resistance to diatoms because the fiber diameter was smaller than the diatom size. At the same time, the ZEFS prevented mussels adhesion. The number of plaques on the ZEFS was reduced by more than 98% and 96% compared with the glass surface and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) after a 4-day assay. The special surface morphology of the vertical arrangement of fibers makes it difficult for the mussels to empty seawater. Zwitterionic surface modification further enhanced the resistance to mussel adhesion. The ZEFS showed strong hydrophilicity with an underwater oil contact angle of up to 152 ± 2.4°, which reduces the adhesion work of mussel protein adhesion to the fibers and the wettability of the protein on the fiber surface. In addition, the zwitterionic layer exhibited good stability in artificial seawater, and it retained more than 96% stability after 30 days immersion in artificial seawater.

Secretion mechanism and adhesive mechanism of diatoms: Direct evidence from the quantitative analysis.

Diatoms are one of the biofouling species attached to the substrate that can cause substrate corrosion, fuel consumption and destruction of the ecological balance. Therefore, the study of single-cellfouling organisms, particularly, the quantitative analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) is essential for antifouling. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) was used to quantify three types of diatoms: Nitzschia closterium (N. closterium), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) and Halamphora sp. The situation of N. closterium was analyzed multiple times and the results showed that the adhesion value range of N. closterium with nacked chromatophores was three times larger than the mature one. The discovery of the EPS secretion from chromatophore is discussed in this paper, and the proposed mechanism has special implications to study the adhesive protein. Adhesion capabilities of different diatom genera and species were revealed as well. The average adhesion values of N. closterium, P. tricornutum and Halamphora sp. were about 1.7 nN, 3.3 nN and 2.5 nN, respectively, which suggest P. tricornutum could be a better candidate for testing diatom resistance on epoxy materials in the lab. Experimental data and discussions in this paper provide insights for further study of diatoms in the field of antifouling.

Fully Repairable Slippery Organogel Surfaces with Reconfigurable Paraffin-Based Framework for Universal Antiadhesion.

Constructing a slippery lubricant-infused surface (SLIS) whose internal microstructure and surface properties can be fully repaired helps to improve its property stability and extend technological implications but has presented a huge challenge. A class of fully repairable slippery organogel surfaces (SOSs), which uses microstructured paraffin as reconfigurable supporting structure and silicone oil as lubricant dispersion medium, is reported here. Attributed to nearly 90 wt % of silicone oil stored in the slippery organogel system and good compatibility with the paraffin-based framework, SOSs combine continuous lubricity and reliable lubricant storage stability. Furthermore, the thermally sensitive paraffin-based framework can quickly switch between solid supporting structure and liquid solution according to the ambient temperature, thereby achieving rapid regeneration of microstructure. This unique system consisting of reconfigurable framework and flowable lubricant derives two types of repairs aimed at varying degrees of damage. Significantly, the easy-to-prepare SOS, on the other hand, allows the adoption of various substrate surfaces for different purposes to form an antiadhesion coating and exhibits excellent antistain, antialgae, and anti-icing performance, thus greatly improving the flexibility of such materials in practical applications.