Personalized Drug Therapy: Innovative Concept Guided With Proteoformics.

Personalized medicine can reduce adverse effects, enhance drug efficacy, and optimize treatment outcomes, which represents the essence of personalized medicine in the pharmacy field. Protein drugs are crucial in the field of personalized drug therapy and are currently the mainstay, which possess higher target specificity and biological activity than small-molecule chemical drugs, making them efficient in regulating disease-related biological processes, and have significant potential in the development of personalized drugs. Currently, protein drugs are designed and developed for specific protein targets based on patient-specific protein data. However, due to the rapid development of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, it is now widely recognized that a canonical protein actually includes multiple proteoforms, and the differences between these proteoforms will result in varying responses to drugs. The variation in the effects of different proteoforms can be significant and the impact can even alter the intended benefit of a drug, potentially making it harmful instead of lifesaving. As a result, we propose that protein drugs should shift from being targeted through the lens of protein (proteomics) to being targeted through the lens of proteoform (proteoformics). This will enable the development of personalized protein drugs that are better equipped to meet patients' specific needs and disease characteristics. With further development in the field of proteoformics, individualized drug therapy, especially personalized protein drugs aimed at proteoforms as a drug target, will improve the understanding of disease mechanisms, discovery of new drug targets and signaling pathways, provide a theoretical basis for the development of new drugs, aid doctors in conducting health risk assessments and making more cost-effective targeted prevention strategies conducted by artificial intelligence/machine learning, promote technological innovation, and provide more convenient treatment tailored to individualized patient profile, which will benefit the affected individuals and society at large.

Multivariate analysis of cell culture bioprocess data--lactate consumption as process indicator.

Multivariate analysis of cell culture bioprocess data has the potential of unveiling hidden process characteristics and providing new insights into factors affecting process performance. This study investigated the time-series data of 134 process parameters acquired throughout the inoculum train and the production bioreactors of 243 runs at the Genentech's Vacaville manufacturing facility. Two multivariate methods, kernel-based support vector regression (SVR) and partial least square regression (PLSR), were used to predict the final antibody concentration and the final lactate concentration. Both product titer and the final lactate level were shown to be predicted accurately when data from the early stages of the production scale were employed. Using only process data from the inoculum train, the prediction accuracy of the final process outcome was lower; the results nevertheless suggested that the history of the culture may exert significant influence on the final process outcome. The parameters contributing most significantly to the prediction accuracy were related to lactate metabolism and cell viability in both the production scale and the inoculum train. Lactate consumption, which occurred rather independently of the residual glucose and lactate concentrations, was shown to be a prominent factor in determining the final outcome of production-scale cultures. The results suggest possible opportunities to intervene in metabolism, steering it towards the type with a strong propensity towards high productivity. Such intervention could occur in the inoculum stage or in the early stage of the production-scale reactors. Overall, this study presents pattern recognition as an important process analytical technology (PAT). Furthermore, the high correlation between lactate consumption and high productivity can provide a guide to apply quality by design (QbD) principles to enhance process robustness.