How does the cam morphology develop in athletes? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: A higher prevalence of cam morphology has been reported in the athletic population but the development of the cam morphology is not fully understood. The purpose of this systematic review is to establish the timing of development of the cam morphology in athletes, the proximal femoral morphologies associated with its development, and other associated factors. DESIGN: Embase, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library were searched for articles related to development of the cam morphology, and PRISMA guidelines were followed. Data was pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Study quality was assessed using the Downs and Black criteria and evidence quality using the GRADE framework. RESULTS: This search identified 16 articles involving 2,028 participants. In males, alpha angle was higher in athletes with closed physes than open physes (SMD 0.71; 95% CI 0.23, 1.19). Prevalence of cam morphology was associated with age during adolescence when measured per hip (ß 0.055; 95% CI 0.020, 0.091) and per individual (ß 0.049; 95% CI 0.034, 0.064). Lateral extension of the epiphysis was associated with an increased alpha angle (r 0.68; 95% CI 0.63, 0.73). A dose-response relationship was frequently reported between sporting frequency and cam morphology. There was a paucity of data regarding the development of cam morphology in females. CONCLUSIONS: Very low and low quality evidence suggests that in the majority of adolescent male athletes, osseous cam morphology developed during skeletal immaturity, and that prevalence increases with age. Very low quality evidence suggests that osseous cam morphology development was related to lateral extension of the proximal femoral epiphysis.

Osteoporosis - An Emerging Disease of the 21(st) Century, Part 1: An Overview.

Osteoporosis is a condition where bones are fragile with a poor bone mineral density. This increases the risk of fracture especially of the hip, vertebrae, and wrist. These fractures are usually termed "fragility fractures." In this article, we aim to provide a broad overview of osteoporosis-investigation, management, and prevention.