Increased risk for depression persists for years among women treated for gynecological cancers - a register-based cohort study with up to 19 years of follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about long-term risk of depression in women treated for gynecological cancers. We aim to investigate risk for depression among these women compared to women without a history of cancer. METHODS: We followed 16,833 women diagnosed with gynecological cancers between 1998 and 2013 and 138,888 reference women in nationwide registers for up to 19 years. Women with a history of severe psychiatric disorders, and those who had redeemed a prescription for antidepressants three years before study entry were excluded from analyses. Regression analyses were applied to compare the risk for antidepressant use among patients compared to reference women, and to investigate associations between socio-demographic as well as clinical risk factors and use of antidepressants. RESULTS: We found an increased risk for antidepressant use among women treated for ovarian (HR 4.14, 95% CI 3.74-4.59), endometrial (HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.97-2.45), and cervical cancer (HR 3.14, 95% CI 2.74-3.61) one year after diagnosis. This increased risk persisted years after diagnosis in all three groups, with the longest (up to eight years) found for ovarian cancer. Advanced disease was strongly associated with antidepressant use followed by short education, and comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Women diagnosed with gynecological cancer have an increased risk for depression compared to reference women. The risk remains increased for years after diagnosis throughout and beyond standard oncological follow-up care. Advanced disease, short education, and comorbidity are factors associated with antidepressant use in this patient group.

Impact of schizophrenia and related disorders on mortality from breast cancer: A population-based cohort study in Denmark, 1995-2011.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate overall and breast cancer-specific mortality in early-stage breast cancer patients with and without schizophrenia or related disorders. METHODS: We used Danish national registers to identify all women with no prior history of cancer or organic mental disorders, who were diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer 1995-2011. Logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) for not being allocated to guideline treatment. Cox regression models were used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) for overall and breast cancer-specific deaths among women allocated or not allocated to guideline treatment. RESULTS: We identified 56,152 women with early-stage breast cancer diagnosed in 1995-2011, of whom 499 women also had been diagnosed with schizophrenia or related disorders. The likelihood of women with schizophrenia or related disorders for not being allocated to guideline treatment was increased (adjusted OR, 1.50; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15-1.94). The adjusted HR for all-cause mortality was 1.55; 95% CI, 1.32-1.82 and 1.12 (95% CI, 0.98-1.50) for breast cancer-specific mortality; women allocated to guideline treatment had an adjusted HR for breast cancer-specific death of 1.42 (95% CI, 1.11-1.82). The adjusted HR for death due to unnatural causes was 3.67 (95% CI, 1.80-7.35). CONCLUSION: The survival of women with schizophrenia or related disorders after breast cancer is significantly worse than that of women without these disorders. These patients are less likely to be allocated to guideline treatment, and, among those who are, mortality from both breast cancer and other causes is increased.

New and chronic use of hypnotics after diagnosis with early breast cancer. A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: To determine use and investigate factors associated with use of hypnotics the first year after a diagnosis with breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective registry based cohort study linking clinical data from the Danish Breast Cancer Group with the National Prescription Drug Database and other health and administrative registries. We included 26 082 women diagnosed with early breast cancer as first time primary cancer during 1996-2006. Use of hypnotics was measured as redeemed prescriptions in the first year after diagnosis of early breast cancer. Prior use of hypnotics was defined as one or more prescriptions of hypnotics 13 months to 1 month before diagnosis, and chronic use was defined as four or more prescriptions. Hazard ratios (HRs) for clinical variables, treatment-related factors and sociodemographic factors were calculated. RESULTS: Among women with no prior history of hypnotic use, 17% became new users with 4% on a chronic level. Among prior users, 82% continued their use with one or more prescriptions of hypnotics and 15% increased their use to a chronic level. Significantly increased hazard ratios for use of hypnotics were seen with increasing age [age 50-59 years: HR 1.43 (95% CI 1.31-1.57), age 60-69: HR 1.57 (95% CI 1.44-1.71)], increasing number of tumor positive lymph nodes [1-3 lymph nodes: HR 1.12 (95% CI 1.05-1.09), 4-9 lymph nodes: HR 1.11 (95% CI 1.02-1.29)], chemotherapy [HR 1.25 (95% CI 1.12-1.39)], somatic comorbidity [HR 1.31 (95% CI 1.21-1.42)] and use of antidepressants the year before breast cancer diagnosis [HR 1.97 (95% CI 1.85-2.10)]. CONCLUSION: This study detected a group of patients at great risk for initiating and increasing use of hypnotics and preventive and prophylactic mechanism should be investigated and initiated when this group of patients is seen in the clinical setting.

Breast cancer and early retirement: Associations with disease characteristics, treatment, comorbidity, social position and participation in a six-day rehabilitation course in a register-based study in Denmark.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this register-based study was to identify factors related to disease, treatment, sociodemographics and comorbidity associated with taking early retirement among women treated for breast cancer, and to evaluate the risk for taking early retirement among breast cancer survivors who attended a six-day rehabilitation course. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 856 women who attended the rehabilitation course and a comparison group of 1 805 women who did not attend the course identified through the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. We obtained information on receipt of unemployment benefits, sickness benefits and early retirement pension for each of the years 1996-2007. Multivariate cox-regression models were used to analyze disease-specific, treatment-related, comorbidity and sociodemographics factors associated with early retirement after breast cancer and to evaluate the effect of attending a rehabilitation course on taking early retirement. RESULTS: The rate of retirement was higher for women with somatic comorbidity (hazard ratio [HR], 1.91; 95% CI, 1.3; 2.9 for score 1, and HR 1.42; 95% CI, 0.7; 2.7 for score ≥2), previous depression (HR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.7; 3.2) or having received sickness benefits in the year before their breast cancer diagnosis (HR, 3.75; 95% CI, 1.8; 7.8). Living with a partner was associated with a reduced hazard ratio for taking early retirement (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9). Having received chemotherapy, alone or in combination with anti-hormone treatment, reduced the hazard ratio (HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.3; 0.8 and HR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3; 0.8, respectively). The rate of retirement was higher for women the year after attending the rehabilitation course but returned to unity by three years. DISCUSSION: The results of this study contribute to the identification of at-risk women and point to the need for tailored rehabilitation to avoid unnecessary marginalization of breast cancer survivors due to permanent labor market withdrawal.