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Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of a machine to execute cognitive processes that are typically considered to be functions of the human brain. It is the study of algorithms that enable machines to reason and perform mental tasks, including problem-solving, object and word recognition, and decision-making. Once considered science fiction, AI today is a fact and an increasingly prevalent subject in both academic and popular literature. It is expected to reshape medicine, benefiting both healthcare professionals and patients. Machine learning (ML) is a subset of AI that allows machines to learn and make predictions by recognizing patterns, thus empowering the medical team to deliver better care to patients through accurate diagnosis and treatment. ML is expanding its footprint in a variety of surgical specialties, including general surgery, ophthalmology, cardiothoracic surgery, and vascular surgery, to name a few. In recent years, we have seen AI make its way into the operating theatres. Though it has not yet been able to replace the surgeon, it has the potential to become a highly valuable surgical tool. Rest assured that the day is not far off when AI shall play a significant intraoperative role, a projection that is currently marred by safety concerns. This review aims to explore the present application of AI in various surgical disciplines and how it benefits both patients and physicians, as well as the current obstacles and limitations facing its seemingly unstoppable rise.
RESUMO
The role of simulation in medical education is crucial to the development of surgeons' skills. Surgical simulation can be used to improve surgical skills in a secure and risk-free environment. Animal models, simulated patients, virtual reality, and mannequins are some types of surgical simulation. As a result, feedback encourages students to reflect on their strengths and weaknesses, enabling them to focus on improvement. Healthcare simulation is a strong educational instrument, and the main goal of this is to give the students an opportunity to do a practical application of what they have learned through theory. Before taking it to the patients, they will already have certain tools they have previously acquired during the practice. This makes it easier for students to identify the knowledge gaps that they must fill to improve patient outcomes. Moreover, simulation brings a wonderful opportunity for students to acquire skills, gain confidence, and experience success before working with real patients, especially when their clinical exposure is limited. The use of simulation to teach technical skills to surgical trainees has become more prevalent. The cost of setting up a simulation lab ranges from $100,000 to $300,000. There are several ways to evaluate the effectiveness of simulation-based surgical training. Repetitive surgical simulation training can improve speed and fluidity in general surgical skills in comparison to conventional training. Few previous studies compared learners who received structured simulation training to a group of trainees who did not receive any simulation training in single-center randomized control research. Significantly faster and less time-consuming skill proficiency was noticeable in simulated trainees. Despite being anxious in the operating room for the first time, simulated trainees completed the surgery on time, demonstrating the effectiveness of surgical simulation training. Traditional surgical training involves senior-surgeon supervision in the operating room. In simulation-based training, the trainees have full control over clinical scenarios and settings; however, guidance and assessment are also crucial. Simulators allow users to practice tasks under conditions resembling real-life scenarios. Simulators can be compared with traditional surgical training methods for different reasons. For example, intraoperative bleeding may occasionally show up not only visibly on the screen but also by shaking the trocars erratically. Without haptics, training on virtual simulators can cause one's pulling and pushing forces, which are frequently greater than what the tissue needs, to be distorted. A good method of simulation training is using virtual reality simulators with haptics and simulated patients. The availability of these facilities is limited, though, and a typical session might include an exercise involving stacking sugar cubes and box trainers. The degree of expertise or competency is one area that needs clarification as medical education transitions to a competency-based paradigm. The article aims to provide an overview of simulation, methods of simulation training, and the key role and importance of surgical simulation in improving skills in surgical residents.
RESUMO
Background: Addiction disorders pose significant challenges to public health, necessitating innovative treatments. This assesses deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a potential intervention for addiction disorders. Methods: A literature review was carried out with a focus on the role of DBS in addiction disorders and its future implications in neurosurgical research. Results: The online literature shows that DBS precisely modulates certain brain regions to restore addiction-related neural circuits and promote behavioral control. Conclusion: Preclinical evidence demonstrates DBS's potential to rebalance neural circuits associated with addiction, and early clinical trials provide encouraging outcomes in enhancing addiction-related outcomes. Ethical considerations, long-term safety, and personalized patient selection require further investigation.
