Management of Oligometastatic Colorectal Cancer.

The management of oligometastatic colorectal cancer differs from the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, and it is essential that those who treat oligometastatic disease be familiar with the treatment options for these patients. Although definitive treatment is often surgical, there are situations where local therapies such as SBRT or ablative techniques may better serve the patient. Adjuvant therapy should be provided to all patients, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be considered as well. The role of immunotherapy is currently limited due to the lack of clinical trials in this area.

Are There More HER2 FISH in the Sea? An Institution's Experience in Identifying HER2 Positivity Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Patients with HER2 Negative Immunohistochemistry.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 20% of breast cancers express HER2-positive receptors in the USA. HER2 receptor immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining with equivocal (2+) results commonly undergoes fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) for further classification. Current guidelines do not recommend routine FISH testing in IHC-negative (0 or 1+) cases. This study investigates an institution that performs both IHC and FISH testing on all cases to identify the true HER2-positive rate. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review from 2015 to 2021 was conducted at an institution where both HER2 IHC and FISH testing were performed at the time of diagnosis for all invasive breast cancers. The rate of true HER2-positive patients was determined, and patient and tumor characteristics were further explored. RESULTS: A total of 1835 invasive breast cancer cases were primarily treated at this institution. A total of 289 cases were HER2 positive on IHC and FISH testing (15.7%). An additional 38 cases were identified as HER2 negative on IHC, but reclassified as HER2 positive on reflex FISH testing. Total HER2 positive cases increased from 289 (15.7%) to 327 cases (17.8%) with reflex FISH testing. CONCLUSIONS: The additional HER2-positive cases after completing FISH testing on IHC-negative tumors suggests there may be a role for routine FISH testing in addition to standard IHC staining to determine HER2 status for breast cancer. The ethical, prognostic and even  benefits of a correct diagnosis outweigh the added expense of FISH testing.

Practice patterns of hepatobiliary surgery within the military.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the trends of hepatobiliary surgeries performed at military hospitals and to discuss potential implications on resident training and military readiness. While there is data to suggest centralization of surgical specialty services leads to improved patient outcomes, the military does not currently have a specific centralization policy. Implementation of such a policy could potentially impact resident training and readiness of military surgeons. Even in the absence of such a policy, there may still be a trend toward centralization of more complex surgeries like hepatobiliary surgeries. The present study evaluates the numbers and types of hepatobiliary procedures performed at military hospitals. METHODS: This study is a retrospective review of de-identified data from Military Health System Mart (M2) from 2014 to 2020. The M2 database contains patient data from all Defense Health Agency treatment facilities, encompassing all branches of the United States Military. Variables collected include number and types of hepatobiliary procedures performed and patient demographics. The primary endpoint was the number and type of surgery for each medical facility. Linear regression was used to evaluate significant trends in numbers of surgeries over time. RESULTS: Fifty-five military hospitals performed hepatobiliary surgeries from 2014 to 2020. A total of 1,087 hepatobiliary surgeries were performed during this time; cholecystectomies, percutaneous procedures, and endoscopic procedures were excluded. There was no significant decrease in overall case volume. The most commonly performed hepatobiliary surgery was "unlisted laparoscopic liver procedure." The military training facility with the most hepatobiliary cases was Brooke Army Medical Center. CONCLUSION: The number of hepatobiliary surgeries performed in military hospitals has not significantly decreased over the years 2014-2020, despite a national trend toward centralization. Centralization of hepatobiliary surgeries in the future may impact residency training as well as military medical readiness.

Optimal Time to Surgery for Small Bowel Obstruction: A Risk Adjusted Analysis Utilizing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

BACKGROUND: The management of a small bowel obstruction (SBO) remains a challenge for general surgeons. The majority of SBOs can be treated conservatively; however, when surgery is required, the timing of operative intervention remains uncertain. Utilizing a large national database, we sought to evaluate the optimal timeframe for surgery following hospital admission with a diagnosis of SBO. METHODS: This was a retrospective review utilizing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2006-2015). Outcomes following surgery for SBO were identified using ICD-9-CM coding. Two comorbidity indices were utilized to determine severity of illness. Patients were stratified into four groups based on time in days from admission to surgery. Propensity score models were created to predict the number of days until surgery following admission. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine risk adjusted postoperative outcomes. RESULTS: We identified 92 807 cases of non-elective surgery for SBO. The overall mortality rate was 4.7%. Surgery on days 3-5 was associated with the lowest rate of mortality. A longer preoperative length of stay (LOS) (3-5 days) was associated with a significantly greater number of wound (OR = 1.24) and procedural (OR = 1.17) complications compared to day 0. However, delayed surgical intervention (≥6 days) was associated with decreased cardiac (OR = .69) and pulmonary complications (OR = .58). DISCUSSION: After adjustment, a preoperative LOS of 3-5 days was associated with a decreased risk of mortality. In addition, increasing preoperative LOS was associated with decreased cardiopulmonary complications. However, an increased risk of procedural and wound complications during this time period suggest surgery may be more technically challenging.

Endometriosis of the Appendix: When Appendicitis Is Less Than Straightforward.

We present a case report of a 49-year-old female with a history of ulcerative colitis who originally presented to the general surgery clinic after an incidental finding on computed tomography was concerning for a dilated, fluid-filled appendix. She ultimately underwent a laparoscopic appendectomy. The pathology returned consistent with early acute appendicitis, with endometrial tissue along the outer wall of the appendix. We then performed a literature review regarding appendiceal masses and the occurrence of endometriomas and/or endometriosis of the appendix. A PubMed search was performed using the key words of appendix and appendicitis and endometrioma. Specific articles were examined mentioning the occurrence of endometriomas of the appendix and isolated endometriosis of the appendix. Between 2% and 6% of cases of appendicitis present due to an appendiceal mass, usually an inflammatory phlegmon. A variety of other causes, including primary malignancy, secondary malignancy, and combinations of pathologies, may lead to the eventual removal of the appendix. Specifically, endometriosis of the appendix is reported in less than 1% of females on post-appendectomy pathologic analysis. Although specific symptoms may guide a provider, there are few distinguishing symptoms that would point a provider toward a different etiology, to include malignancy, for appendicitis. Further information is needed to determine when a patient has an increased risk for an underlying pathology when presenting with appendicitis. This information will help drive continued treatment and lead to improved screening for appendiceal masses.