Detection of tetanus-induced effects in linearly lined-up micropatterned neuronal networks: application of a multi-electrode array chip combined with agarose microstructures.

One of the best approaches to understanding the mechanism of information acquisition and storage is to characterize the plasticity of network activity by monitoring and stimulating individual neurons in a topologically defined network and doing this for extended periods of time. We therefore previously developed an on-chip multi-electrode array (MEA) system combined with an array of agarose microchambers (AMCs). It is possible to record the firing at multiple cells simultaneously for long term and topographically control the cells position and their connections. In our present study, we demonstrated the effect of tetanic stimulation in a linearly lined-up patterned network on the AMC/MEA chip. We detected reproducible activity changes that were induced by tetanic stimulation and saw that these changes were maintained for 6-24 h. The results show the advantage of our AMC/MEA cultivation and measurements methods and suggest they will be useful for investigating the long-term plasticity depending on network topology and size.

Stepwise pattern modification of neuronal network in photo-thermally-etched agarose architecture on multi-electrode array chip for individual-cell-based electrophysiological measurement.

We have developed a procedure for stepwise topographical control of network patterns and neurite connection directions between adjacent living neurons using an individual-cell-based on-chip multi-electrode array (MEA) cell cultivation system with an agarose microchamber (AMC) array. This procedure enables flexible and precise control of the cell positions and easy and flexible control of the pattern modification of connections between the cells in AMCs through stepwise photo-thermal etching in which a portion of the agarose layer on the chip is melted with a 1480 nm infrared laser beam even during cultivation. With adequate laser power and this stepwise procedure, we can fabricate narrow micrometer-order grooves (microchannels) during cultivation in a stepwise manner. Using this procedure, we controlled the direction of elongation of axons and dendrites selectively and confirmed the direction by immunostaining. We also demonstrated electrophysiological one-way transmission of signals among aligned hippocampal neurons in which the directions of the neurite connections were controlled using this stepwise photo-thermal etching procedure. These results demonstrate the potential of full direction control of neurite connections between neurons using stepwise photo-thermal etching to form microchannels one by one in an on-chip AMC/MEA cell cultivation system. We can thus better understand the meaning of neuronal network patterns and connection directions.

Modification of a neuronal network direction using stepwise photo-thermal etching of an agarose architecture.

Control over spatial distribution of individual neurons and the pattern of neural network provides an important tool for studying information processing pathways during neural network formation. Moreover, the knowledge of the direction of synaptic connections between cells in each neural network can provide detailed information on the relationship between the forward and feedback signaling. We have developed a method for topographical control of the direction of synaptic connections within a living neuronal network using a new type of individual-cell-based on-chip cell-cultivation system with an agarose microchamber array (AMCA). The advantages of this system include the possibility to control positions and number of cultured cells as well as flexible control of the direction of elongation of axons through stepwise melting of narrow grooves. Such micrometer-order microchannels are obtained by photo-thermal etching of agarose where a portion of the gel is melted with a 1064-nm infrared laser beam. Using this system, we created neural network from individual Rat hippocampal cells. We were able to control elongation of individual axons during cultivation (from cells contained within the AMCA) by non-destructive stepwise photo-thermal etching. We have demonstrated the potential of our on-chip AMCA cell cultivation system for the controlled development of individual cell-based neural networks.

Non-destructive on-chip cell sorting system with real-time microscopic image processing.

Studying cell functions for cellomics studies often requires the use of purified individual cells from mixtures of various kinds of cells. We have developed a new non-destructive on-chip cell sorting system for single cell based cultivation, by exploiting the advantage of microfluidics and electrostatic force. The system consists of the following two parts: a cell sorting chip made of poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on a 0.2-mm-thick glass slide, and an image analysis system with a phase-contrast/fluorescence microscope. The unique features of our system include (i) identification of a target from sample cells is achieved by comparison of the 0.2-microm-resolution phase-contrast and fluorescence images of cells in the microchannel every 1/30 s; (ii) non-destructive sorting of target cells in a laminar flow by application of electrostatic repulsion force for removing unrequited cells from the one laminar flow to the other; (iii) the use of agar gel for electrodes in order to minimize the effect on cells by electrochemical reactions of electrodes, and (iv) pre-filter, which was fabricated within the channel for removal of dust contained in a sample solution from tissue extracts. The sorting chip is capable of continuous operation and we have purified more than ten thousand cells for cultivation without damaging them. Our design has proved to be very efficient and suitable for the routine use in cell purification experiments.