Role and limitations of the in-store waste collection system at supermarkets.

In-store collection is defined as the activity of installing collection boxes at retail stores, such as supermarkets, for the collection of recyclables. The use of in-store collection reduces the burden of garbage collection in municipalities, which may reduce administrative and environmental burdens and costs. Previous discussions on in-store collection have ignored environmental impacts and the costs to consumers and that supermarkets should become players in the collection of recyclables. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify whether the use of in-store collection effectively contributes to a reduction in environmental burdens and costs for society. This study aimed to analyze the environmental burden and costs associated with integrating in-store collection into municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems. A total of 1734 municipalities in Japan were classified into six clusters using cluster analysis to analyze the characteristics of municipal and in-store collection by municipality. Model cities representing each cluster were created, and three scenarios were established to analyze the CO2 emissions and costs associated with municipal and in-store collection. The scenarios were cases where recyclables were collected through in-store collection (Scenario 1), recyclables were collected through municipal collection (Scenario 2), and both in-store collection and municipal collection were combined, similar to the current system (Scenario 3). The reduction in CO2 emissions in each model city in Scenario 1 was -37.0 to 53.5% compared to that in Scenario 3. There was a 0.90-1.96-fold increase in cost in Scenario 1 relative to Scenario 3. Suggestions for the appropriate implementation of in-store collection are proposed based on these results. For example, an increase in in-store collection reduces CO2 emissions but leads to an increase in costs. When integrating in-store collection into an MSW management system, reviewing the municipal collection system is necessary.

Characterization of the membrane penetration-enhancing peptide S19 derived from human syncytin-1 for the intracellular delivery of TAT-fused proteins.

Although cell-penetrating peptides such as the HIV-derived TAT peptide have been used as tools for the intracellular delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins, a problem persists: the endosomal escape efficiency is low. Previously, we found that the fusogenic peptide S19, derived from the human protein syncytin-1, enhance the endosomal escape efficiency of proteins that incorporated by endocytosis via TAT. In this study, we first performed Ala-scanning mutagenesis of S19, and found that all Ile, Val, Leu and Phe with high ß-sheet forming propensities in S19 are important for the intracellular uptake of S19-TAT-fused proteins. In a secondary structure analysis of the mutated S19-TAT peptides in the presence of liposomes mimicking late endosomes (LEs), the CD spectra of V3A and I4A mutants with low uptake activity showed the appearance of an α-helix structure, whereas the mutant G5A retained both the uptake activity and the ß-structure. In addition, we investigated the appropriate linking position and order of the S19 and TAT peptides to a cargo protein including an apoptosis-induced peptide and found that both the previous C-terminal S19-TAT tag and the N-terminal TAT-S19 tag promote the cytoplasmic delivery of the fusion protein. These results and previous results suggest that the interaction of TAT with the LE membrane causes a structural change in S19 from a random coil to a ß-strand and that the subsequent parallel ß-sheet formation between two S19 peptides may promote adjacent TAT dimerization, resulting in endosomal escape from the LE membrane.

Enhanced use of gaze cue in a face-following task after brief trial experience in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

Eye movements toward sequentially presented face images with or without gaze cues were recorded to investigate whether those with ASD, in comparison to their typically developing (TD) peers, could prospectively perform the task according to gaze cues. Line-drawn face images were sequentially presented for one second each on a laptop PC display, and the face images shifted from side-to-side and up-and-down. In the gaze cue condition, the gaze of the face image was directed to the position where the next face would be presented. Although the participants with ASD looked less at the eye area of the face image than their TD peers, they could perform comparable smooth gaze shift to the gaze cue of the face image in the gaze cue condition. This appropriate gaze shift in the ASD group was more evident in the second half of trials in than in the first half, as revealed by the mean proportion of fixation time in the eye area to valid gaze data in the early phase (during face image presentation) and the time to first fixation on the eye area. These results suggest that individuals with ASD may benefit from the short-period trial experiment by enhancing the usage of gaze cue.

Cutaneous and stick rabbit illusions in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

Prediction is the process by which future events are anticipated based on past events; in contrast, postdiction is the retrospective interpretation of past events based on latter, more recent events. The prediction and postdiction are suggested to be similar based on theoretical models. Previous studies suggest that prediction is impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is unclear whether postdiction is also impaired in individuals with ASD. In this study, we evaluated postdiction in individuals with ASD using the cutaneous and stick rabbit illusion paradigms in which the perceived location of a touch shifts postdictively in response to a subsequent touch stimulus. We observed significant cutaneous and stick rabbit illusion in both typically developing (TD) and ASD groups; therefore, postdiction was functional in individuals with ASD. Our present results suggest that postdiction involves a different neuronal process than prediction. We also observed that the ASD group exhibited significantly larger individual difference compared with the TD group in the stick rabbit illusion, which is considered to reflect extension of body schema to external objects. We discuss implications of the individual difference among the ASD participants in the context of sports requiring interactions between the body and external objects.

Inhibitory effect of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on avian pathogens.

The inhibitory activities of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Salmonella Infantis (SI) and Escherichia coli (EC) were evaluated. Original GSE contained 0.24% benzalkonium chloride (BZC), however, 0.0025% BZC solution could not inactivate bacteria. The activity of diluted GSE (×100, ×500 and ×1,000 with redistilled water) against selected viruses and bacteria was evaluated in this study. The GSE solutions were incubated with the pathogens over a period of time after which the remaining viruses were titrated and the bacterial colonies were counted. In the presence of organic material-5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), the test solutions were sprayed at 1 cm and 30 cm distances to test the efficacy of GSE in a spray form. Furthermore, the efficacy of GSE against bacteria on clothes was tested using non-woven cloth. GSE×100 reduced the viral titer of both AIV and NDV even in 5% FBS condition. IBDV showed high resistance to GSE. GSE×1,000 inactivated both SI and EC within 5 sec, even in the presence of 5% FBS. The disinfectant was able to maintain its efficacy in the spray form at 30 cm distance. GSE was also effective against SI and EC inoculated on fabric. GSE is a potential novel disinfectant against viruses and bacteria, effective even within a short contact time.

Older Adolescents and Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder Have Difficulty Chaining Motor Acts When Performing Prehension Movements Compared to Typically Developing Peers.

It is known that motor actions performed by individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are clumsy and a previous study revealed that children with ASD of around 8 years old showed less smooth movement and dysfunction of appropriate usage of online vision for grip aperture control. The present study investigates whether and how the kinematic properties of reach-to-grasp movements in older adolescents and adults with ASD [mean (±SD) age: 18.3 ± 2.1] differ from those in typically developing (TD) peers [mean (±SD) age: 19.1 ± 2.2]. Revealing the kinematic properties of reach-to-grasp movements in older adolescents and adults with ASD is indispensable in determining the developmental trajectory of this motor behavior in individuals with ASD. While wearing liquid crystal shutter goggles, participants reached for and grasped a cylinder with a diameter of either 4 or 6 cm. Two visual conditions were tested: a full vision (FV) condition (the goggles remained transparent during the movement) and a no vision (NV) condition (the goggles were closed immediately after the movement was initiated). These two visual conditions were either alternated with each trial in a single experimental session (alternated condition) or blocked within the session (blocked condition). We found that the reaching movement smoothness calculated as a normalized jerk score (i.e., index of skilled, coordinated human movements) of ASD participants did not differ significantly from that of TD peers although ASD participants showed smoother reaching in the alternated condition than in the blocked condition. The influence of online vision and its visual condition schedule on grip aperture during the in-flight phase was remarkably similar between the ASD and TD groups. Furthermore, we found that ASD group experienced a significant longer transition period from grasping end (i.e., stable holding when touching the surface of the object) to uplift initiation than the TD group. The results suggest that (1) deficits in movement smoothness and the use of online vision for motor control are rectified by the time individuals with ASD reach late adolescence and (2) older adolescents and adults with ASD still have difficulties chaining motor acts.

Bactericidal efficacy of a quaternary ammonium compound with food additive grade calcium hydroxide toward Salmonella Infantis and Escherichia coli on abiotic carriers.

The bactericidal efficacies of 0.2% food additive grade calcium hydroxide (FdCa(OH)2) solution, a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) diluted at 1:500 (QACx500) and their mixture-Mix500 (FdCa(OH)2 powder added at final concentration 0.2% to QACx500)-were investigated at two different temperatures (room temperature (RT) (25 ± 2°C) and 2°C), using varying contact time, with or without presence of organic materials (5% fetal bovine serum: FBS), either in suspension or on abiotic carrier (steel, rubber and plastic). In the suspension test, QACx500 could inactivate Salmonella Infantis at effective level (≥3 log reductions), within 30 sec and 5 sec, respectively, with or without 5% FBS at RT; however, at 2°C it required 30 min and 1 min, respectively. Mix500 revealed the same efficacy as QACx500 at RT, but, at 2°C it required 1 min and 30 sec, respectively with or without FBS. Whereas, 0.2% FdCa(OH)2 solution alone could inactivate S. Infantis within 1 min and 3 min, respectively at RT and 2°C, even with 5% FBS. In the carrier test, single disinfectant required bit more (3 or 5 min) contact time to reduce bacterial load (S. Infantis or Escherichia coli) down to the effective level on rubber surface than that on steel and plastic surface. However, Mix500 could inactivate both bacteria on carrier surfaces within 1 min, even at 2°C. Thus, synergistic effects were observed in the suspension test and the carrier test at both temperatures toward both bacteria.

Bactericidal Efficacy of Food Additive-Grade Calcium Hydroxide Against Salmonella Infantis on Eggshells.

The bactericidal efficacy of food additive-grade calcium hydroxide [FdCa(OH)2] was evaluated for inactivation of Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Enteritidis in liquid and Salmonella Infantis on contaminated eggshells. The activity of FdCa(OH)2 was also compared with that of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) containing 150 ppm chlorine (150 ppm NaOCl). FdCa(OH)2 solutions (0.1% and 0.2%) in the presence or absence of organic materials (5% calf serum [CS]) at pH 12.6 were used to inactivate Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Enteritidis in a reaction tube or on eggshells artificially contaminated with Salmonella Infantis. Both 0.1% and 0.2% FdCa(OH)2 were capable of inactivating Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Enteritidis in liquid at >3 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml within 3 and 1 min of contact time, respectively, even in the presence of 5% CS. Additionally, 0.1% and 0.2% FdCa(OH)2 reduced bacterial levels on contaminated eggshells to >3 log10 CFU/ml, within 3 and 1 min, respectively, in the presence of 5% CS. Without CS, 0.1% and 0.2% FdCa(OH)2 could reduce bacteria on eggshells to >3 log10 CFU/ml within 1 min and 30 sec, respectively. In contrast, 150 ppm NaOCl solution could not inactivate bacteria on eggshells down to >3 log10 CFU/ml within 3 min contact time, either with or without CS, and no bacterial reduction was observed in redistilled water. The findings of the present study indicate that FdCa(OH)2 solution has high efficacy against foodborne bacteria and may be a good candidate for enhancement of biosecurity at farms and egg processing plants.

Virucidal activity of a quaternary ammonium compound associated with calcium hydroxide on avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus and infectious bursal disease virus.

A quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) was evaluated for its virucidal efficacies with food additive grade calcium hydroxide (FdCa(OH)2). When the QAC was diluted 1:500 (QACx500) with redistilled water (dW2), it inactivated avian influenza virus (AIV) within 30 sec at 25°C, while at 2°C, it required 1 hr for inactivation. When FdCa(OH)2 powder was added to QACx500 at a final concentration of 0.17%, the mixture, namely Mix500, inactivated AIV within 3 min at 2°C. After contamination with 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS), Mix500 inactivated AIV within 2 hr at 2°C, but QACx500 did not. These results indicate synergistic effects of the QAC and FdCa(OH)2 solutions on virucidal activity.

Virucidal efficacy of food additive grade calcium hydroxide against surrogate of human norovirus.

An alkaline agent, namely, food additive grade calcium hydroxide (FdCa(OH)2) in the solution, powder and suspension forms was evaluated as a virucidal agent, using a murine norovirus (MNV) as the surrogate for human norovirus. The main constituent of FdCa(OH)2 is Ca(OH)2, which has pH 13 in 0.17% solution. The results showed that 0.17% FdCa(OH)2 solution could inactivate MNV within 30s even in the presence of organic materials (5% fetal bovine serum (FBS)). In a contaminated surface experiment, MNV with 5% FBS was inoculated on rayon sheets, and the result showed FdCa(OH)2 solution could markedly reduce virus titer within 1min. When mouse feces were spiked with MNV and FdCa(OH)2 powder as 10% and 20% w/w was added to the feces, these concentrations could inactivate the virus within 30min and 15min, respectively. Whereas, FdCa(OH)2 suspension at 2.5% and 5% could inactivate the virus within 30min and at 1% within 45min. These and additional results obtained here indicate that FdCa(OH)2 is an effective virucidal agent against MNV, and can serve as a useful alternative disinfectant for inactivation and prevention of human norovirus in house and hospital.

Isolation of a methylated mannose-binding protein from terrestrial worm Enchytraeus japonensis.

To elucidate a biological role of the methylated mannose residues found in N-glycans of terrestrial worm Enchytraeus japonensis, we first synthesized 3-O-methyl mannose- and 4-O-methyl mannose-derivatives and immobilized them to Sepharose 4B beads in order to isolate the sugar-binding protein. When whole protein extracts from the worms was applied to a series of the columns immobilized with the modified and unmodified mannose-derivatives, respectively, a protein with a molecular weight of 25,000 was isolated by 4-O-methyl mannose-immobilized column chromatography, and termed as a methylated mannose-binding protein (mMBP). mMBP bound weakly to a mannose-immobilized column and moderately to a 3-O-methyl mannose-immobilized column. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of mMBP and its endoprotease-digested peptides were determined. Using the degenerate first primers synthesized based on the primary sequence, a genomic DNA fragment was isolated. Then, the second primers were synthesized based on the genomic DNA fragment, and with use of them two cDNA fragments were obtained by the 3'- and 5'-RACE methods. Finally, the third primers were synthesized based on the sequences of the two cDNA fragments and one genomic DNA fragment, and with use of them a full-length cDNA of mMBP was isolated and shown to comprise a putative 633 bp open reading frame encoding 210 amino acid residues. BLAST analysis revealed that mMBP has identities by 26 ~ 55% to several proteins including the regeneration-upregulated protein 3 from the same species. Whether mMBP is involved in the regeneration of the worm is under investigation.

Enhancement of bactericidal effects of sodium hypochlorite in chiller water with food additive grade calcium hydroxide.

An alkaline agent, namely food additive grade calcium hydroxide (FdCa(OH)2) in solution at 0.17%, was evaluated for its bactericidal efficacies in chiller water with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at a concentration of 200 ppm total residual chlorine. Without organic material presence, NaOCl could inactivate Salmonella Infantis and Escherichia coli within 5 sec, but in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 0.5%, the bactericidal effects of NaOCl were diminished completely. FdCa(OH)2 solution required 3 min to inactivate bacteria with or without 5% FBS. When NaOCl and FdCa(OH)2 were mixed at the final concentration of 200 ppm and 0.17%, respectively, the mixed solution could inactivate bacteria at acceptable level (103 reduction of bacterial titer) within 30 sec in the presence of 0.5% FBS. The mixed solution also inhibited cross-contamination with S. Infantis or E. coli on chicken meats. It was confirmed and elucidated that FdCa(OH)2 has a synergistic effect together with NaOCl for inactivating microorganisms.

Durability of alkaline agents' bactericidal efficacies in litter under field conditions.

Alkaline agents are well-known for their disinfection capacities against pathogens even at the presence of organic materials, but the durability of their bactericidal efficacies under field conditions is unknown. Therefore, within the present study, two alkaline agents, namely bioceramic (BCX) derived from chicken feces and food additive grade Ca(OH)2 (FdCa(OH)2) derived from natural lime stone, were evaluated for the persistence of their bactericidal efficacies in litter, under simulated field conditions. BCX powder mixed at 50% concentration in litter or FdCa(OH)2 powder at 20% concentration in litter lost their bactericidal efficacies at 3 days post exposure of chicks, and thereafter, both mentioned alkaline agents could not inactivate bacteria down to the acceptable level (≥3 log10 CFU/ml reduction).

Accuracy of the evaluation method for alkaline agents' bactericidal efficacies in solid, and the required time of bacterial inactivation.

An alkaline agent, namely food additive grade calcium hydroxide (FdCa (OH)2) in the powder form, was evaluated for its bactericidal efficacies in chicken feces at pH 13. The point for this evaluation was neutralization of the alkaline agent's pH at the time of bacterial recovery, since otherwise the results are substantially misleading. Without neutralization of the FdCa (OH)2 pH, the spiked bacteria were killed within min at the time of recovery in aqueous phase, but not in the solid form in feces, hence, it has been demonstrated that when bacteria were in solid, it took longer time than in liquid for the alkaline agent to inactivate them down to the acceptable level (≥3 log10 CFU/ml).

Spatio-temporal processing of tactile stimuli in autistic children.

Altered multisensory integration has been reported in autism; however, little is known concerning how the autistic brain processes spatio-temporal information concerning tactile stimuli. We report a study in which a crossed-hands illusion was investigated in autistic children. Neurotypical individuals often experience a subjective reversal of temporal order judgments when their hands are stimulated while crossed, and the illusion is known to be acquired in early childhood. However, under those conditions where the somatotopic representation is given priority over the actual spatial location of the hands, such reversals may not occur. Here, we showed that a significantly smaller illusory reversal was demonstrated in autistic children than in neurotypical children. Furthermore, in an additional experiment, the young boys who had higher Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) scores generally showed a smaller crossed hands deficit. These results suggest that rudimentary spatio-temporal processing of tactile stimuli exists in autistic children, and the altered processing may interfere with the development of an external frame of reference in real-life situations.

Clinical value of procalcitonin for patients with suspected bloodstream infection.

OBJECTIVES: Procalcitonin (PCT) might be a useful marker to exclude bacteremia or to predict the severity of bacteremia and its outcome. However, most previous studies of PCT were limited to particular patient populations. In addition, reports about PCT levels in patients with renal dysfunction have been conflicting. We investigated the predictive value of PCT in an unselected population with suspected bloodstream infections and also assessed the relationship between PCT and renal function. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 1,331 patients (age ≥1 8 years) with suspected bloodstream infections who had concurrent biochemical data and blood culture results. RESULTS: The PCT level was significantly elevated in patients with positive blood cultures, and it showed a significant relation with survival in patients with bacteremia. The optimal cutoff value of PCT for predicting a positive blood culture showed an increase as the estimated glomerular filtration rate declined. CONCLUSION: PCT can be a useful marker to exclude bacteremia and also to predict severe bacteremia, but renal function should be taken into account.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of leafy vegetables and beans with myoglobin method.

KEY MESSAGE : Antioxidant activity of seven leafy vegetables and four beans against five reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species was clearly characterized with a protocol using myoglobin as a reporter probe. Antioxidant activity of seven leafy vegetables and four beans against peroxyl radical, hydroxyl radical, hypochlorite ion, and peroxynitrite ion has been measured using myoglobin as a reporter probe (myoglobin method). Conventional DPPH method was also used to evaluate antioxidant activity of the samples. Difference of activity against different reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) was characterized by plotting the data in a 5-axe cobweb chart. This plot clearly showed the characteristics of the antioxidant activity of the leafy vegetables and the beans. The samples examined in this work were categorized into four groups. (1) The samples showed high antioxidant activity against all ROS and RNS: daikon sprout, spinach, Qing-geng-cai, and onion. (2) The samples showed high antioxidant activity against peroxyl radical: red bean and soy bean. (3) The samples showed high antioxidant against hypochlorite ion: broccoli floret, cabbage, and Chinese cabbage. (4) The samples showed weak antioxidant activity against all ROS and RNS: cowpea and common beans. Our protocol is probably useful to characterize antioxidant activity of the crops of different cultivars, the crops obtained in different growing environments and growing seasons, the crops harvested at different age, and the crops stored in the different conditions, as well as the changes of activity during cooking process of the crops.

Asymmetric construction of quaternary carbon centers by sequential conjugate addition of lithium amide and in situ alkylation: utility in the synthesis of (-)-aspidospermidine.

Chiral diether ligand-controlled asymmetric conjugate addition of a lithium amide to cyclopentenecarboxylate and subsequent in situ alkylation gave a chiral cyclopentane derivative bearing a quaternary carbon with high enantio- and diastereoselectivity. The cyclopentane derivative was converted successfully to (-)-aspidospermidine.

Sex allocation of a cosexual wind-pollinated tree, Quercus dentata, in terms of four currencies.

Sex allocation of a cosexual wind-pollinated species, Quercus dentata (Fagaceae), was analyzed using biomass, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus as currencies based on data accumulated for 61 individuals from 1997-2004. Strongly female-biased sex allocation was indicated when measured in terms of biomass and carbon, but no significant bias was detected when measured in terms of nitrogen or phosphorus. From an adaptive viewpoint, there is little support for strong female-biased sex allocation, suggesting that sex allocation in terms of nitrogen or phosphorus is closer to the real picture. The relative sex allocation considerably varied from year to year, but the relative femaleness of individuals in the population was rather constant across years. No significant correlation was observed between relative sex allocation and fecundity or tree height, but individuals that showed very low fecundity tended to produce only acorns.