Simultaneous relocation strategy of bromeliads as epiphytes or terricolous in the Montane Dense Ombrophilous Forest of Parque Estadual da Cantareira, São Paulo State, Brazil / Estratégia de realocação simultânea de bromélias como epífitas ou terrícolas na Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana do Parque Estadual da Cantareira, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Plant relocation resulting from vegetation removal is an important conservation strategy. This work aimed to investigate the simultaneous relocation of the bromeliads Aechmea distichantha Lem. and Wittrockia cyathiformis (Vell.) Leme in epiphytic and terricolous form. These bromeliads were rescued from deforested areas due to the construction of a highway. Both were fixed onto tree trunks or pitchforks or in the soil in a Montane Dense Ombrophilous Forest area of Parque da Estadual Cantareira, São Paulo State, Brazil. After one year A. distichantha maintained 100% survival rate, when transplanted in terricolous and 83.33 % in epiphytic form, while W. cyathiformis was 60% for both relocation forms. We concluded that both bromeliad species could be simultaneously relocated as epiphytes or terricolous. Direct relocation to the ground guarantees practicality, as it is difficult to find trees with forks located at small heights from the ground in which the manual fixing of the plant could be done without equipment.

A realocação de plantas resultante da remoção da vegetação é uma importante estratégia de conservação. Este trabalho objetivou investigar a realocação simultânea das bromélias Aechmea distichantha Lem. e Wittrockia cyathiformis  (Vell.) Leme na forma epífita e terrícola, resgatadas de áreas desmatadas devido à construção de uma rodovia. Ambas foram fixadas em troncos de árvores ou forquilhas ou transplantadas para o solo em uma área de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana do Parque Estadual da Cantareira, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Após um ano, A. distichantha manteve 100% de sobrevida, quando transplantada na forma terrícola e 83,33% na forma epífita, enquanto W. cyathiformis foi de 60% para ambas as formas de realocação. Concluímos que ambas as espécies de bromélias podem ser realocadas simultaneamente como epífitas ou terrícolas. A realocação direta ao solo garante praticidade, pois é difícil encontrar árvores com forquilhas localizadas a pequenas alturas do solo em que a fixação manual da planta possa ser feita sem equipamentos.

Determination of endogenous IAA and carbohydrates during the induction and development of protocorm-like bodies of Cattleya tigrina A. Richard / Determinação de AIA e carboidratos endógenos durante a indução e desenvolvimento deestruturas semelhantes a protocormos de Cattleya tigrina A. Richard

Tissue culture techniques have been employed for orchid mass propagation by means of themorphogenetic route of protocorm like-bodies (PLBs). This study aimed to analyze and compare Indoleaceticacid (IAA) and sugar endogenous levels in protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) induction and developmentin Cattleya tigrina, in order to better understand this process and to optimize micropropagation procedureprotocols. Leaves grown on MS (Murashige and Skoog) culture medium, suplemented with 9 μM TDZfor PLBs induction and development were collected after 0, 2, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 100 days of cultivation, forfurther analysis. Increase of IAA and reduction of sugar levels are strongly related to morphogeneticresponse, that is, PLBs formation over the preexisting ones and leaf primordia formation. Sucrose, fructoseand glucose presence in this study is related to cell signaling. Thus, hormonal signals and carbohydratesalter metabolism, triggering PLBs initiation and development in C. tigrina.

Técnicas de cultura de tecidos têm sido empregadas para a propagação em massa de orquídeaspor meio da via morfogenética de estruturas semelhantes a protocormos (ESPs). O estudo teve comoobjetivo analisar e comparar os níveis endógenos de ácido indol-3-acético (AIA) e de açúcares na indução eno desenvolvimento de estruturas semelhantes a protocormos (ESPs) em Cattleya tigrina, visando à melhorcompreensão deste processo e à otimização de protocolos de micropropagação. Folhas cultivadas em meiode cultura MS (Murashige & Skoog), suplementadas com 9 μM de TDZ para indução e desenvolvimentode ESPs foram coletadas após 0, 2, 7, 14, 30, 60 e 100 dias de cultivo, para posterior análise. O aumento dosníveis de AIA e a redução dos níveis de açúcar estão fortemente relacionados à resposta morfogenética, ouseja, à formação de ESPs sobre os pré-existentes e à formação de primórdios foliares. A presença desacarose, frutose e glicose neste estudo está relacionada à sinalização celular. Assim, sinais hormonais ecarboidratos alteram o metabolismo, desencadeando a iniciação e o desenvolvimento de ESPs em C. tigrina.

Strong but permeable barriers to gene exchange between sister species of Epidendrum.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The investigation of reproductive barriers between sister species can provide insights into how new lineages arise, and how species integrity is maintained in the face of interspecific gene flow. Different pre- and postzygotic barriers can limit interspecific gene exchange in sympatric populations, and different sources of evidence are often required to investigate the role of multiple reproductive isolation (RI) mechanisms. METHODS: We tested the hypothesis of hybridization and potential introgression between Epidendrum secundum and Epidendrum xanthinum, two Neotropical food-deceptive orchid species, using nuclear and plastid microsatellites, experimental crosses, pollen tube growth observations, and genome size estimates. KEY RESULTS: A large number of hybrids between E. secundum and E. xanthinum were detected, suggesting weak premating barriers. The low fertility of hybrid plants and the absence of haplotype sharing between parental species indicated strong postmating barriers, reducing interspecific gene exchange and the development of advanced generation hybrids. Despite the strength of reproductive barriers, fertile seeds were produced in some backcrossing experiments, and the existence of interspecific gene exchange could not be excluded. CONCLUSIONS: Strong but permeable barriers were found between E. secundum and E. xanthinum. Indeed, haplotype sharing was not detected between parental species, suggesting that introgression is limited by a combination of genic incompatibilities, including negative cytonuclear interactions. Most taxonomic uncertainties in this group were potentially influenced by incomplete RI barriers between species, which mainly occurred sympatrically.