COMPARISON OF PULMONARY NODULE DETECTION, READING TIMES AND PATIENT DOSES OF ULTRA-LOW DOSE CT, STANDARD DOSE CT AND DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY.

The purpose of the present work was to evaluate performance in pulmonary nodule detection, reading times and patient doses for ultra-low dose computed tomography (ULD-CT), standard dose chest CT (SD-CT), and digital radiography (DR). Pulmonary nodules were simulated in an anthropomorphic lung phantom. Thirty cases, 18 with lesions (45 total lesions of 3-12 mm) and 12 without lesions were acquired for each imaging modality. Three radiologists interpreted the cases in a free-response study. Performance was assessed using the JAFROC figure-of-merit (FOM). Performance was not significantly different between ULD-CT and SD-CT (FOMs: 0.787 vs 0.814; ΔFOM: 0.03), but both CT techniques were superior to DR (FOM: 0.541; ΔFOM: 0.31 and 0.28). Overall, the CT modalities took longer time to interpret than DR. ULD chest CT may serve as an alternative to both SD-CT and conventional radiography, considerably reducing dose in the first case and improving diagnostic accuracy in the second.

COMPARISON OF PHOTON-COUNTING AND FLAT-PANEL DIGITAL MAMMMOGRAPHY FOR THE PURPOSE OF 3D IMAGING USING A NOVEL IMAGE PROCESSING METHOD.

The purpose of the present work was to compare the quality of low-dose projections from a photon-counting with a flat-panel system, and to evaluate a novel image processing method. Images were acquired of phantoms in both systems at average glandular doses ranging from ~ 0.15 to 1.4 mGy. Automated detection of low-contrast features and modulation transfer functions were evaluated in phantom images. The novel image processing method was compared with standard processing in a series of clinical cases. At low-doses (~0.15) the photon-counting system out-performed the flat-panel system with a much higher detectability of low-contrast features. The novel algorithm was superior to both manufacturers' processing in terms of conspicuity of soft-tissue lesions (p > 0.05), whereas it was not significantly different in calcification conspicuity. Photon-counting should allow more low-dose projections to be acquired at the same total dose. The novel image enhancer can help to further increase the image quality.

Digital breast tomosynthesis in one or two views as a replacement or adjunct technique to full-field digital mammography.

Clinical studies using different imaging protocols to perform digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) were reviewed (2008-14) to assess interpretive accuracy. Descriptive pooled statistics were used to estimate and summarise accuracy measures for each type of imaging protocol in relation to that of two-view full-field digital mammography (FFDM). In studies comparing multiple DBT imaging protocols, a trend of increased performance was often seen when including both the mediolateral oblique and craniocaudal views for DBT alone and even more so for DBT adjunct to FFDM. Overall, the average ΔAUC (%; sd) across studies for stand-alone DBT (relative to FFDM), in one and in two views, were 2.2 (± 3.7) and 5.9 (± 4.6), and when used together with FFDM, 3.9 (± 2.0) and 6.7 (± 0.9). With respect to individual studies, improvements in accuracy using DBT were present for different types of imaging protocols although the magnitude of the impact varied between studies, and some studies did not show significant improvements in comparison with FFDM. The most consistent effect of improvement in breast cancer detection was seen across studies for two-view DBT with FFDM. These summary findings may depend on the sampling constraints present in tomosynthesis imaging and on other factors discussed in this paper. In order to investigate these effects more thoroughly and how they might impact outcomes, comparative or randomized-controlled trials are warranted.

Evaluation of time-efficient reconstruction methods in digital breast tomosynthesis.

Three reconstruction algorithms for digital breast tomosynthesis were compared in this article: filtered back-projection (FBP), iterative adapted FBP and maximum likelihood-convex iterative algorithms. Quality metrics such as signal-difference-to-noise ratio, normalised line-profiles and artefact-spread function were used for evaluation of reconstructed tomosynthesis images. The iterative-based methods offered increased image quality in terms of higher detectability and reduced artefacts, which will be further examined in clinical images.

Review of radiation dose estimates in digital breast tomosynthesis relative to those in two-view full-field digital mammography.

We examined how radiation dose levels in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) differ from those used in 2-view full-field digital mammography (FFDM). Acquisition parameter settings and information on the average absorbed dose to the glandular tissues within the breasts were reviewed based on clinical studies that evaluated DBT and FFDM. Dose ratios (DDBT/DFFDM) were derived from imaging protocols, which included tomosynthesis in 1- or 2-views alone, and as an adjunct technique to FFDM. Stand-alone DBT was associated with a much lower to a slightly higher radiation dose compared to that of comparable FFDM units, as summarized in dose ratio ranges of 0.34-1.0 for 1-view DBT, and 0.68-1.17 for 2-view DBT. One of the lowest reported dose estimates was obtained using a photon-counting DBT unit (avg. 0.70 mGy/scan; range: 0.28-1.26 mGy). Breast doses for DBT combined with FFDM are summarized in dose ratio ranges of 1.03-1.5 for 1-view DBT plus FFDM, and 2.0-2.23 for 2-view DBT plus FFDM. In the latter of these settings, the dose was reduced by ∼45% when 2D-views, reconstructed from the DBT images ("synthetic 2D images"), were used as a substitute for FFDM. Stand-alone DBT operated at lower to slightly higher radiation doses in comparison to FFDM. For DBT combined with FFDM, radiation doses were elevated, at maximum by a factor ∼2 1/4 of that of FFDM alone. In this setting, a replacement of FFDM with synthetic 2D-views reduced the breast dose approximately by half, which has substantial implications for population screening programs.

Breast tomosynthesis and digital mammography: a comparison of diagnostic accuracy.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to compare the ability of radiologists to detect breast cancers using one-view breast tomosynthesis (BT) and two-view digital mammography (DM) in an enriched population of diseased patients and benign and/or healthy patients. METHODS: All participants gave informed consent. The BT and DM examinations were performed with about the same average glandular dose to the breast. The study population comprised patients with subtle signs of malignancy seen on DM and/or ultrasonography. Ground truth was established by pathology, needle biopsy and/or by 1-year follow-up by mammography, which retrospectively resulted in 89 diseased breasts (1 breast per patient) with 95 malignant lesions and 96 healthy or benign breasts. Two experienced radiologists, who were not participants in the study, determined the locations of the malignant lesions. Five radiologists, experienced in mammography, interpreted the cases independently in a free-response study. The data were analysed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and jackknife alternative free-response ROC (JAFROC) methods, regarding both readers and cases as random effects. RESULTS: The diagnostic accuracy of BT was significantly better than that of DM (JAFROC: p=0.0031, ROC: p=0.0415). The average sensitivity of BT was higher than that of DM (∼90% vs ∼79%; 95% confidence interval of difference: 0.036, 0.108) while the average false-positive fraction was not significantly different (95% confidence interval of difference: -0.117, 0.010). CONCLUSION: The diagnostic accuracy of BT was superior to DM in an enriched population.