Ventricular long-axis function is of major importance for long-term survival in patients with heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the importance of ventricular systolic and diastolic long-axis (LAX) function in comparison with short-axis (SAX) function for prediction of long-term survival in patients with heart failure. DESIGN: Prospective epidemiological study. SETTING: University and county hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with idiopathic heart failure (n = 228), not older than 65 years, mean (SD) ejection fraction 44 (17)%, were investigated with echocardiography in the SAX and in the LAX basal parts of the right and left ventricle. Patients were followed up for 10 years with respect to total survival or heart transplantation. RESULTS: Left ventricular (LV) LAX systolic amplitude was a strong risk predictor of long-term survival (p<0.001). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, adjusting for age, gender, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and SAX fractional shortening, LAX systolic amplitude was the only independent predictor of outcome (hazard ratio = 0.89 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.98), p = 0.02). Survival curves for each quartile of LAX systolic amplitude differentiated between mild, moderate and severe dysfunction in relation to outcome (p<0.001). There was a significant correlation between SAX and LAX ventricular function only in the lower range of LAX systolic amplitude (<6.8 mm). CONCLUSIONS: LV LAX systolic amplitude independently predicted survival, after adjustment for clinical variables and LV SAX function. These data further emphasise the importance of the basal parts of the ventricles for ventricular function and thereby long-term outcome.

Longitudinal myocardial contraction improves early during titration with metoprolol CR/XL in patients with heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate diastolic and systolic left ventricular recovery during titration with metoprolol CR/XL (controlled release/extended release). DESIGN: Placebo run in, followed by an open study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: 14 patients with chronic heart failure. INTERVENTIONS: Metoprolol CR/XL titrated from 12.5 mg once daily to 200 mg once daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: M mode recordings of atrioventricular (AV) plane displacement, Doppler measurement of transmitral flow and pulmonary venous flow, two dimensional ejection fraction, and measurement of venous plasma concentration of noradrenaline. Patients were investigated after 2, 4, 6, and 24 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: A reduction of heart rate was observed on the first dose (12.5 mg once daily), from a mean (SD) of 74 (11) to 67 (11) beats/min, p < 0.05. This was accompanied by prominent effects on AV plane filling parameters, including an increase in early diastolic filling period from 87 (28) to 105 (33) ms (p < 0.05), and in the lateral AV plane fractional shortening from 8.7 (2.7)% to 10.2 (2.8)% (p < 0.05). An early trend towards improvement in global systolic left ventricular function was also seen, although this was not significant until six weeks. Ejection fraction increased from 33 (7.5)% to 38 (11)% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: First effects of left ventricular recovery during beta blocker treatment were seen in recordings of longitudinal performance, as expressed by AV plane displacement. Doppler flow dynamics as well as global systolic recovery appeared several weeks later, emphasising the importance of longitudinal performance in evaluating left ventricular function.