Progression From Patterns A to B in Wellens Syndrome: Electrocardiographic Progression in Wellens Syndrome.

We describe a clinical case series of 3 patients whose electrocardiogram evolved from type A Wellens syndrome to a type B. We emphasize that the diagnosis and treatment for both patterns is the same and that these findings suggest the evolution of the same disease.

[MINOCA, infarction with normal coronaries. The fall of the paradigm ?] / MINOCA, infarto con coronarias normales ¿ la caída del paradigma ?

Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death in the world, being the coronary atherosclerotic obstruction the main finding. Although 6% of all the patients had no significant coronary arteries disease on coronary angiography, defined by lumen vascular obstruction greater than 50%. This type of cases was defined by the term MINOCA (myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries). They are usually young women, with cardiovascular risk factors, high cardiac biomarkers with non-ST elevation in the electrocardiogram. The main etiologies are myocarditis, Takotsubo syndrome and subendocardial myocardial infarction. We present the case of a 65 years-old woman with history of hypertension and complete left bundle branch block, who was admitted to the emergency department with typical chest pain, complete left bundle branch block in the electrocardiogram, with negative Sgarbossa criteria and positive cardiac biomarkers. The echocardiography evidenced inferolateral regional wall motion abnormalities, and the coronary angiography a single non-significative lesion (40%) in the proximal segment of the circumflex artery. Cardiac magnetic resonance evidenced subendocardial late adolinium enhancement in inferolateral medial with latero-apical extension segments consistent with circumflex artery-related infarction. This case illustrates an example of MINOCA secondary to myocardial infarction with posterior spontaneous thrombolysis, in which the clinical presentation was typical, however the coronary angiography showed non obstructive lesions. Therefore, another complementary imaging methods were needed such as the cardiac magnetic resonance.

El infarto agudo de miocardio es la principal causa de muerte en el mundo, siendo la obstrucción coronaria aterosclerótica el hallazgo más frecuente. Sin embargo, el 6% de los pacientes no presenta lesiones angiográficamente significativas, definidas por obstrucción de la luz vascular mayor al 50%. Estos casos se han definido bajo el término MINOCA (myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries). Suelen ocurrir en mujeres jóvenes, con factores de riesgo cardiovascular, elevación de biomarcadores cardíacos e infradesnivel del segmento ST en el electrocardiograma. Las principales etiologías son la miocarditis, el síndrome de Takotsubo y el infarto subendocárdico. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 65 años con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y bloqueo completo de rama izquierda previo, que ingresó con ángor, imagen de bloqueo completo de rama izquierda en el electrocardiograma con criterios de Sgarbossa negativos y biomarcadores cardíacos positivos. En el ecocardiograma evidenció trastorno en la motilidad de la pared inferolateral y en la coronariografía solo una lesión no significativa (40%) en segmento proximal de la arteria circunfleja. La cardiorresonancia, en la secuencia de realce tardío de gadolinio, mostró retención de contraste subendocárdico a nivel de los segmentos inferolateral medial con extensión lateroapical compatible con infarto correspondiente a territorio de arteria circunfleja. Este caso ilustra un ejemplo de MINOCA secundario a infarto subendocárdico con trombólisis espontánea, en el que la presentación clínica fue típica, sin embargo en la coronariografía no se observaron lesiones significativas, por lo que fue necesario complementar con otro método de imágenes: la cardiorresonancia.

Minoca, infarto con coronarias normales ¿La caída del paradigma? / MINOCA, infarction with normal coronaries. The fall of the paradigm ?

El infarto agudo de miocardio es la principal causa de muerte en el mundo, siendo la obstrucción coronaria aterosclerótica el hallazgo más frecuente. Sin embargo, el 6% de los pacientes no presenta lesiones angiográficamente significativas, definidas por obstrucción de la luz vascular mayor al 50%. Estos casos se han definido bajo el término MINOCA (myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries). Suelen ocurrir en mujeres jóvenes, con factores de riesgo cardiovascular, elevación de biomarcadores cardíacos e infradesnivel del segmento ST en el electrocardiograma. Las principales etiologías son la miocarditis, el síndrome de Takotsubo y el infarto subendocárdico. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 65 años con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y bloqueo completo de rama izquierda previo, que ingresó con ángor, imagen de bloqueo completo de rama izquierda en el electrocardiograma con criterios de Sgarbossa negativos y biomarcadores cardíacos positivos. En el ecocardiograma evidenció trastorno en la motilidad de la pared inferolateral y en la coronariografía solo una lesión no significativa (40%) en segmento proximal de la arteria circunfleja. La cardiorresonancia, en la secuencia de realce tardío de gadolinio, mostró retención de contraste subendocárdico a nivel de los segmentos inferolateral medial con extensión lateroapical compatible con infarto correspondiente a territorio de arteria circunfleja. Este caso ilustra un ejemplo de MINOCA secundario a infarto subendocárdico con trombólisis espontánea, en el que la presentación clínica fue típica, sin embargo en la coronariografía no se observaron lesiones significativas, por lo que fue necesario complementar con otro método de imágenes: la cardiorresonancia.

Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death in the world, being the coronary atherosclerotic obstruction the main finding. Although 6% of all the patients had no significant coronary arteries disease on coronary angiography, defined by lumen vascular obstruction greater than 50%. This type of cases was defined by the term MINOCA (myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries). They are usually young women, with cardiovascular risk factors, high cardiac biomarkers with non-ST elevation in the electrocardiogram. The main etiologies are myocarditis, Takotsubo syndrome and subendocardial myocardial infarction. We present the case of a 65 years-old woman with history of hypertension and complete left bundle branch block, who was admitted to the emergency department with typical chest pain, complete left bundle branch block in the electrocardiogram, with negative Sgarbossa criteria and positive cardiac biomarkers. The echocardiography evidenced inferolateral regional wall motion abnormalities, and the coronary angiography a single non-significative lesion (40%) in the proximal segment of the circumflex artery. Cardiac magnetic resonance evidenced subendocardial late gadolinium enhancement in inferolateral medial with latero-apical extension segments consistent with circumflex artery-related infarction. This case illustrates an example of MINOCA secondary to myocardial infarction with posterior spontaneous thrombolysis, in which the clinical presentation was typical, however the coronary angiography showed non obstructive lesions. Therefore, another complementary imaging methods were needed such as the cardiac magnetic resonance.

Evaluación del nivel de conocimientos en áreas básicas en un posgrado de Cardiología / Evaluation of the Level of Knowledge in Basic Areas in Postgraduate Cardiology Education

Background In our country, training in cardiology is achieved by participating in residency programs, attending a hospital cardiology unit or taking university courses. On the basis of comments from teachers giving classes in the SAC Biennial Course about certain kind of deficit in basic areas of the specialty among cardiology residents attending the course, we decided to investigate their knowledge in cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, physical diagnosis, pharmacology and clinical cardiology after 1 or 2 years of training in Internal Medicine or Cardiology residency programs, respectively. Objective To evaluate the knowledge in basic areas in cardiology among residents attending the UBA Biennial Cardiology Course given by the Argentine Society of Cardiology. Material and Methods We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was designed with 50 multiple choice questions, divided in three subjects: Subject A, 17 questions about cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology; Subject B, 15 questions about clinical cardiology, physical diagnosis and electrocardiography; and Subject C, 17 questions regarding medical practice and cardiological clinical syndromes. The questionnaire was answered by residents either initiating the course (Group 1) or who were attending the second year (Group 2). Results In the general exam, Group 1 (n=63) had a median of 29/50 right answers (58%) and Group 2 (n=57) 30/50 (60%). There were no significant differences between both groups (p=0.21). The performance in Subject A was significantly lower compared to Subjects B and C in both groups. Conclusion The level of knowledge in basic areas of cardiology among residents is considered insufficient, with greatest deficits in cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. It is necessary to revise the program of the Biennial Course and to analyze the opportunities of learning and reflection offered by the residency program.

[Comparison between electrocardiographic test with dobutamine and exercise stress testing on coronary risk stratification]. / Valor del test de dobutamina comparado con la ergometría en la evaluación de riesgo coronario.

The exercise testing is still the most common test used to stratify the patients's risk of new events following an acute myocardial infarction, but about 20 to 40% of the patients can not perform it appropriately. Since the electrocardiographic test with dobutamine has proved to be easy and safe, our aim was to evaluate its capacity to predict the results of the exercise testing on patients after an acute myocardial infarction. A total of 210 patients (average of age 60.5+/-11.7 years old and 23.3% females) recovering from a first uncomplicated myocardial infarction, were consecutively included. An electrocardiographic test with dobutamine was performed during the fifth day of admission, and an exercise test during the sixth. The development of chest pain and/or a descending ST segment > or = 1 mm during a test qualified it as positive for ischemia. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of both tests were determinated, as well as the congruence on their results, a p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significative. Whereas 91 patients achieved a positive result on the electrocardiographic dobutamine tests, 54 patients were positive during exercise. On the other hand, both tests came up positive in 49 patients, and negative in 114 patients. The hemodynamic variables were similar during both tests, except in those patients with negative results with both methods, who developed a higher maximal arterial pressure and double product during exercise. Accordingly, the electrocardiographic dobutamine test showed a sensivity 90.17%, a specificity 73%, positive and negative predictive values 54% and 95.8%, respectively, to predict the results of the exercise testing, with a Kappa value of 0.52. In conclusion, the electrocardiographic dobutamine test showed not only to predict the results of the exercise testing adequately with a high negative predictive value, but also to be safe, a useful and simple diagnostic tool for the evaluation of patients after an acute myocardial infarction.

Valor del test de dobutamina comparado con la ergometria en la evaluacion de riesgo coronario / Comparison between electrocardiographic test with dobutamine and exercise stress testing on coronary risk stratification

La ergometría es el método de elección para estratificar el riesgo de eventos luego de un infarto agudo de miocardio, pero el 20-40% de la población no puede realizarla. La utilización de dobutamina con control electrocardiográfico es una propuesta segura, fácil de realizar y reproducible. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la utilidad de dicho test para predecir los resultados de la ergometría en pacientes (49 mujeres), edad: 60.5+/- 11.7 años con primer infarto agudo de miocardio no complicado. Se realizó al quinto día del test de dobutamina con control electrocardiográfico y al sexto día la ergometría. Se consideró positiva la presencia de angor y/o infradesnivel del segmento ST mayor ou igual 1mV en ambas pruebas. Se determinó sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo del test de dobutamina, test de concordancia y valor kappa, con p>0.05. El test de dobutamina fue positivo en 91 casos. La ergometría fue positiva en 54 pacientes. No hubo diferencias hwemodinámicas entre ambos métodos. Cuarenta y nueve presentaron ambas pruebas positivas sin diferencias en las variables analizadas; 114 pacientes ambas negativas, en los que durante la ergometría se alcanzó mayor presión arterial y doble producto máximo. En 47 los resultados fueron discorfdantes. El test dobutamina predijo los resultados de la ergometría con sensibilidad: 90.7% (IC95%:78.9-96.5%), especificidad: 73%(IC95%:65.3-79.7%), valor predictivo positivo:54% (IC95%:43.1-62.2%) y negativo: 95.8% (IC95%:89.9-98.4%), concordancia: 77% (IC95%:53-74) y valor kappa:0.52 (IC95%:0.41-0.63). El test de dobutamina predijo los resultados de la ergometría con adecuadas sensibilidad, especificidad y valor predictivo positivo; se destaca el alto valor predictivo negativo del método que resultó un procedimiento seguro, eficaz y sencillo.

Valor del test de dobutamina comparado con la ergometria en la evaluacion de riesgo coronario / Comparison between electrocardiographic test with dobutamine and exercise stress testing on coronary risk stratification

La ergometría es el método de elección para estratificar el riesgo de eventos luego de un infarto agudo de miocardio, pero el 20-40% de la población no puede realizarla. La utilización de dobutamina con control electrocardiográfico es una propuesta segura, fácil de realizar y reproducible. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la utilidad de dicho test para predecir los resultados de la ergometría en pacientes (49 mujeres), edad: 60.5+/- 11.7 años con primer infarto agudo de miocardio no complicado. Se realizó al quinto día del test de dobutamina con control electrocardiográfico y al sexto día la ergometría. Se consideró positiva la presencia de angor y/o infradesnivel del segmento ST mayor ou igual 1mV en ambas pruebas. Se determinó sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo del test de dobutamina, test de concordancia y valor kappa, con p>0.05. El test de dobutamina fue positivo en 91 casos. La ergometría fue positiva en 54 pacientes. No hubo diferencias hwemodinámicas entre ambos métodos. Cuarenta y nueve presentaron ambas pruebas positivas sin diferencias en las variables analizadas; 114 pacientes ambas negativas, en los que durante la ergometría se alcanzó mayor presión arterial y doble producto máximo. En 47 los resultados fueron discorfdantes. El test dobutamina predijo los resultados de la ergometría con sensibilidad: 90.7% (IC95%:78.9-96.5%), especificidad: 73%(IC95%:65.3-79.7%), valor predictivo positivo:54% (IC95%:43.1-62.2%) y negativo: 95.8% (IC95%:89.9-98.4%), concordancia: 77% (IC95%:53-74) y valor kappa:0.52 (IC95%:0.41-0.63). El test de dobutamina predijo los resultados de la ergometría con adecuadas sensibilidad, especificidad y valor predictivo positivo; se destaca el alto valor predictivo negativo del método que resultó un procedimiento seguro, eficaz y sencillo. (AU)

Valor del test de dobutamina comparado con la ergometría en la evaluación de riesgo coronario. / [Comparison between electrocardiographic test with dobutamine and exercise stress testing on coronary risk stratification]

The exercise testing is still the most common test used to stratify the patientss risk of new events following an acute myocardial infarction, but about 20 to 40

of the patients can not perform it appropriately. Since the electrocardiographic test with dobutamine has proved to be easy and safe, our aim was to evaluate its capacity to predict the results of the exercise testing on patients after an acute myocardial infarction. A total of 210 patients (average of age 60.5+/-11.7 years old and 23.3

females) recovering from a first uncomplicated myocardial infarction, were consecutively included. An electrocardiographic test with dobutamine was performed during the fifth day of admission, and an exercise test during the sixth. The development of chest pain and/or a descending ST segment > or = 1 mm during a test qualified it as positive for ischemia. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of both tests were determinated, as well as the congruence on their results, a p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significative. Whereas 91 patients achieved a positive result on the electrocardiographic dobutamine tests, 54 patients were positive during exercise. On the other hand, both tests came up positive in 49 patients, and negative in 114 patients. The hemodynamic variables were similar during both tests, except in those patients with negative results with both methods, who developed a higher maximal arterial pressure and double product during exercise. Accordingly, the electrocardiographic dobutamine test showed a sensivity 90.17

, a specificity 73

, positive and negative predictive values 54

and 95.8

, respectively, to predict the results of the exercise testing, with a Kappa value of 0.52. In conclusion, the electrocardiographic dobutamine test showed not only to predict the results of the exercise testing adequately with a high negative predictive value, but also to be safe, a useful and simple diagnostic tool for the evaluation of patients after an acute myocardial infarction.