CCL-2 as a possible early marker for remission after traumatic spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study. OBJECTIVES: To describe the correlation between CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-4 and CXCL-5 serum levels and remission after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in a human protocol compared with animal studies. SETTING: Germany, Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz). METHODS: We examined the serum levels of CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-4 and CXCL-5 over a 12-week period; in particular, at admission and 4, 9 and 12 h, 1 and 3 days and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after trauma. According to our study design, we matched 10 patients with TSCI and neurological remission with 10 patients with an initial ASIA A grade and no neurological remission. In all, 10 patients with vertebral fracture without neurological deficits served as control. Our analysis was performed using a Luminex Cytokine Panel. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the predictive value with respect to neurological remission vs no neurological remission. RESULTS: The results of our study showed differences in the serum expression patterns of CCL-2 in association with the neurological remission (CCL-2 at admission P=0.013). Serum levels of CCL-2 and CCL-4 were significantly different in patients with and without neurological remission. The favored predictive model resulted in an area under the curve (AUC) of 93.1% in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that peripheral serum analysis is a suitable concept for predicting the patient's potential for neurological remission after TSCI. Furthermore, the initial CCL-2 concentration provides an additional predictive value compared with the NLI (neurological level of injury). Therefore, the present study introduces a promising approach for future monitoring concepts and tracking techniques for current therapies. The results indicate that future investigations with an enlarged sample size are needed in order to develop monitoring, prognostic and scoring systems.

Exploratory study to suggest the possibility of MMP-8 and MMP-9 serum levels as early markers for remission after traumatic spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective observational study reporting the correlation between matrix metalloprotein serum levels and remission after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVES: To investigate serum cytokine levels as predictive markers. SETTING: Germany, Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz). METHODS: Between 2010 and 2015, data sets from 115 patients (33 female, 82 male) after traumatic SCI were recorded at the BG Trauma Centre Ludwigshafen. We examined the serum levels of Matix metallopraoteinases (MMPs) MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-10 and MMP-12 over a 12-week period, that is, at admission and 4, 9, 12 h, 1 and 3 days and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after trauma. Following the same match-pair procedure as in our previous studies, we selected 10 patients with SCI and neurological remission (Group 1) and 10 patients with an initial American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) A grade and no neurological remission (Group 0). Ten patients with an isolated vertebral fracture without neurological deficits served as a control group (Group C). Our analysis was performed using a Luminex Performance Human High Sensitivity Cytokine Panel. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the predictive value of MMPs with respect to neurological remission vs no neurological remission. RESULTS: MMP-8 and MMP-9 provided significantly different values. The favoured predictive model allows to differentiate between neurological remission and no neurological remission in 97% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that further studies with an enlarged collective are warranted in order to investigate current monitoring, prognostic and tracking techniques as well as scoring systems.

A pilot study on temporal changes in IL-1ß and TNF-α serum levels after spinal cord injury: the serum level of TNF-α in acute SCI patients as a possible marker for neurological remission.

STUDY DESIGN: Serum levels of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured over a 12-week period in 23 patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) with and without neurological improvement. OBJECTIVES: To determine the course of IL-1ß and TNF-α in patients with SCI and observe a possible relationship between improvements in neurological functioning and cytokine levels. SETTING: All patients were treated at the BG Trauma Centre, Ludwigshafen, Germany. All lab work was done at the University Hospital, Heidelberg. METHODS: Spinal cord injury was classified according to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale (AIS) in 23 patients. TNF-α and IL-1ß levels were measured upon arrival at the hospital, after 4 h, 9 h and 12 h, on days 1 and 3 and at the end of weeks 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12. RESULTS: Temporal changes in TNF-α and IL-1ß in SCI patients were seen. Patients with AIS improvement (Group 1) had significantly lower TNF-α levels at 9 h compared with patients without AIS improvement (Group 2; P<0.01). The course of IL-1ß fluctuated greatly between 4 h and week 1 in the groups; however, between 2 and 12 weeks post trauma, there was an overall decline in both groups. CONCLUSION: Measuring serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß over time could be useful in tracking the course of SCI. Our data show differences in measured cytokines over a 12-week period for SCI patients with and without neurological improvement.

A retrospective study on flap complications after pressure ulcer surgery in spinal cord-injured patients.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study reporting specific complications of certain skin flaps for treating pressure ulcers. OBJECTIVES: To describe the rate and type of complications after pressure ulcer surgery in patients with spinal cord injury. SETTING: Germany, Rheinland Pfalz. METHODS: We collected data from 352 patients treated with 421 skin flaps to determine the rate and type of complications of each skin flap used. RESULTS: In this study, we analyzed the results of 421 skin flaps in 352 patients with a total of 657 pressure ulcers from January 2006 to December 2010. Our patients had ischial, pelvic, sacral, trochanteric and lower extremity ulcers. Ischial ulcers were most common, followed by sacral and trochanteric ulcers. There were 87 complications in 421 flaps, which was an overall rate of 21%. Suture line dehiscence was the most common complication with 27 cases (31%), followed by 22 cases of infection (25.2%), 17 cases of hematoma (19.5%), 12 cases of partial necrosis (13.7%) and 9 cases of total flap necrosis (10.3%). CONCLUSION: Pressure ulcers in spinal cord-injured patients are very common and difficult and expensive to treat. The high rate of complications and the associated costs suggest the importance of evaluating the efficacy of treatment options. Conservative procedures have been standardized, but there still has been limited success in establishing guidelines on how to manage complications arising from flap surgery. Our extensive documentation of flap plastics will be useful managing complications after the surgical treatment of pressure ulcers in spinal cord-injured patients.

Increase in soluble CD95L during subacute phases after human spinal cord injury: a potential therapeutic target.

STUDY DESIGN: A pilot study measuring the levels of serum-soluble CD95 ligand (CD95L) in eight spinal cord-injured patients. OBJECTIVES: To determine the soluble concentration of CD95L in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients after trauma. METHODS: We collected blood samples from eight patients with acute traumatic SCI. Soluble CD95L serum levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) was determined according to ASIA classification. The patients were monitored, and venous blood was drawn after arrival at the hospital on the 1st and 3rd day and during the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th and 12th weeks after trauma. RESULTS: The average patient age was 48.1 years (18-86 years). Three patients were paraplegic (two incomplete, one complete), five were quadriplegic (one complete, four incomplete). The serum concentration of soluble CD95L (sCD95L) decreased during the 1st week (41 ng(- l)) and increased after the 2nd week in all eight patients. It peaked during the 4th week (68.5 ng (- l)) and reached a plateau during the 12th week (76.2 ng (- l)). There are many possible explanations for not being able to detect a statistical significance, one of course being the small sample size. CONCLUSION: Promising results for anti-CD95L therapy have already been documented in lab studies with rodents. Anti-CD95L blocks the pro-apoptotic and proinflammatory activity of membrane-bound CD95L during the acute phase of SCI. We observed that sCD95L levels are elevated during the subacute and intermediate phases of SCI. It would be of great interest to study a larger group of patients to determine whether higher sCD95 levels are correlated with improved or impaired neurological outcome or with increasing levels of autoimmune components in peripheral blood.