[Can we overcome schistosomiasis? A Senegalese example]. / Peut-on vaincre les bilharzioses ? Un exemple sénégalais.

The authors report the results of controlling schistosomiasis in 53 villages from Ninefecha area-(Kedougou District, East Senegal) within Schistosomiasis National Control Program partnership. The four aims were: i) praziquantel treatment of 3324 children 6-14 years old, ii) installation of a laboratory for children prevalence annual monitoring (random draw one in three), iii) health education of the concerned people ("sensitization"), iiii) construction of latrines. 900 latrines are required and 649 have been built. The initial prevalence (2006) of 44% for S. mansoni and 4% for S. haematobium are now respectively 1.9% and 1.4% (2013). The program must be continuous as shown in the Assoni village: a prevalence study in children 0-5 years old, for which praziquantel is not recommended, reveals an infestation rate for S. mansoni of 78% in 2008 and of 47% in 2012. This age group is an important parasite reservoir and health education of parents is absolutely necessary. A permanent and effective center like Ninefescha hospital for distribution of praziquantel, sensitization meetings and latrines control is essential for the success of the program.

[Can schistosomiasis be defeated? An example from Senegal]. / Peut-on vaincre les bilharzioses ? Un exemple sénégalais.

The authors report the results of actions combatting schistosomiasis since 2008 in 53 villages in eastern Senegal, including the creation of 450 latrines and the distribution of praziquentel. The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni has fallen from 44% in 2006 to 1.8% today. To succeed in eradicating schistosomiasis, access to non-infected water must be improved to ensure the adhesion of local village communities.

[Prevalence of infantile diarrhea in districts of Nouakchott (Mauritania) in 2008: analysis of local hygiene]. / Prévalence des diarrhées infantojuvéniles dans deux districts de Nouakchott (Mauritanie) en 2008: analyse de l'influence de l'hygiène du milieu.

In urban areas in Nouakchott, diarrheal diseases present a major public health problem, especially for children and adolescents. In August, 2008, a cross-sectional survey of 300 households in two adjacent districts of the city sought to study correlations between diarrheal disease and environmental health. The results show that 87 children of all ages had about 139 episodes of diarrhea, for an average prevalence of 14.8% that varied by age (23.6% in children younger than 5 years and 9.7% among children aged 5 to 14 years) and area (16.8% in Tevragh-Zeina and 28.3% in Sebkha). The univariate analysis indicates that 52% of the diarrhea risk was due to precarious basic hygiene. Studies of the specific causes of diarrheal diseases to help improve their treatment are necessary to supplement these epidemiological results.

Grossesse gemellaire apres ligature chirurgicale des trompes de fallop: a propos d'un cas clinique d'observation a la maternite du Centre de Sante de Reference de la Commune V du District de Bamako.

The binding of the horns takes a place growing among the various processes of birth-control. This binding of the horns is almost irreversible and the women who make recourse to this method are generally saddles which think of having achieved their families.

[Twin pregnancy after tubal ligation: case report]. / Grossesse gemellaire apres ligature chirurgicale des trompes de Fallop: a propos d'un cas clinique d'observation a la maternite du Centre de Sante de Reference de la Commune V du District de Bamako.

The binding of the horns takes a place growing among the various processes of birth-control. This binding of the horns is almost irreversible and the women who make recourse to this method are generally saddles which think of having achieved their families.

[HIV seroprevalence among STD patients in Nouakchott and Nouadhibou (Mauritania)]. / Séroprévalence VIH chez les consultants IST à Nouakchott et à Nouadhibou (Mauritanie).

This work presents the results of the behavioural and serologic survey on HIV/AIDS conducted from December 2007 to December 2008 among the group of STD (sexually transmitted disease) patients, supposed to be at HIV infection risk. In Mauritania, the last survey of HIV seroprevalence among the STD patients goes up to the year 1995 (the prevalence was estimated then to be 0.9%). The goal was to determine the seroprevalence of HIV and syphilis and to gather information on the knowledge, the sexual behaviours on a risk concerning the HIV/AIDS, and the sexually transmitted disease among these patients. The census has been made on over 224 STD patients during the period of the study, without predominance of sex and with a majority of young adults. The prevalence for HIV is 9% and for the syphilis it is 10%. Actually, the condom is widely underused by this group, even in occasional intercourse. The STD patients are a group of risk towards HIV, because of their risk behaviours and low level of knowledge.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in Senegal: risk of emergence in humans?

In the context of global warming and the risk of spreading arthropod-borne diseases, the emergence and reemergence of leishmaniasis should not be neglected. In Senegal, over the past few years, cases of canine leishmaniasis have been observed. We aim to improve the understanding of the transmission cycle of this zoonosis, to determine the responsible species and to evaluate the risk for human health. An epidemiological and serological study on canine and human populations in the community of Mont Rolland (Thiès area) was conducted. The data showed a high seroprevalence of canine leishmaniasis (>40%) and more than 30% seropositive people. The dogs' seroprevalence was confirmed by PCR data (concordance > 0.85, Kappa > 0.7). The statistical analysis showed strong statistical associations between the health status of dogs and seropositivity, the number of positive PCRs, clinical signs and the number of Leishmania isolates. For the first time, the discriminative PCRs performed on canine Leishmania strains clearly evidenced that the pathogenic agent is Leishmania infantum. The results obtained show that transmission of this species is well established in this area. That the high incidence of seropositivity in humans may be a consequence of infection with this species is discussed.

[Variability of diarrheal diseases in children under 5 living in an urban setting: observations in Rufisque, Senegal]. / Variabilité des maladies diarrhéiques chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans en milieu urbain: l'exemple de Rufisque au Sénégal.

Rapid urbanization has created numerous health risks in developing countries, but the exact impact on many diseases in function of living conditions is unclear. For insight into this complex relationship, a study on diarrheal diseases was carried out to obtain knowledge about the distribution of health risks in an urban setting. An epidemiological survey with a combined longitudinal and transverse design was conducted in Rufisque, Senegal, from April 2002 to March 2003 in a sample including households with children less than 5-years-old living in four areas presenting different levels of hygiene. Results showed a high overall incidence of diarrhea (6.5 episodes/child/year) but there were major discrepancies between the four study areas in direct relation with level of hygiene. The annual incidence per child was lower in the low-cost housing project (fair hygiene, 3.4 episodes) than in the Castors area (poor hygiene, 6.8 episodes), Diokoul Wague area (very poor hygiene, 7.3 episodes) and Goufe Aldiana area (no hygiene, 8.4 episodes). The study showed only a slight seasonal effect on diarrheal disease in the different areas. However, the differences observed between areas during the cold and hot dry seasons were considerably attenuated in the rainy season. This variability in the incidence rate that underlines the diversity of urban living conditions depends on a variety of risk factors (such as age and number of children) that may interact, although hygiene level remains critical. For issues usually given priority at the national level, multiplying studies aimed at fine analysis of factors underlying disease transmission is useful since this approach can improve understanding of public health policy in city environments characterized by the complex conditions (density and diversity) created by urbanization.

[Schistosomiasis in school children in the Bandafassi region of East Senegal]. / Bilharzioses au Sénégal oriental prévalence chez les enfants de la région de Bandafassi.

This epidemiological study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of intestinal and urinary schistosomiasis in children from 6 to 14 years old in the district of Bandafassi of east Senegal. The stools of 505 children from 10 villages were examined. In addition water holes that might serve as biotopes for the intermediate host snails, i.e., Biomphalaria sp. and Bulinus sp., were located and tested. Findings demonstrated the existence of permanent foci of S. mansoni deep within the bush of the Bandafassi district. Sporadic distribution of praziquantel has been effective but not sufficient to eradicate permanent S. mansoni foci in test sites.

Site development in periodontal therapy--alveolar bone augmentation as an adjunct to endosseous implant placement.

This article reviews some of the current concepts of site development in periodontal therapy as well as hard tissue augmentation as an adjunct to endosseous implant placement. This article reviews the historical perspectives of guided bone regeneration and addresses the management and development of extraction sites, inadequate ridge widths, and sinus augmentation before implant placement. Selected cases are presented to illustrate these clinical situations. In addition, key concepts for the success of bone augmentation and implant dentistry are discussed.