Ethnic-Racial Identity and Attitude Change: Assessments of Outgroup and Diversity Attitudes among Adolescents in Sweden.

Outgroup and diversity attitudes are important components of intercultural understanding and well-being. Despite the potential of ethnic-racial identity development as a means to foster positive outgroup and diversity attitudes, little is known about its effectiveness in rapidly diversifying contexts such as Sweden. This pre-registered study filled this gap by examining if adolescents taking part in an intervention focused on ethnic-racial identity exploration, the Identity Project, also reported change in outgroup and diversity attitudes, and whether migration background, education type, and ethnic-racial identity development predicted such change. Twenty-three tenth-grade classes in Sweden (N = 509; Mage = 16.28; SDage = 0.80; 66% female; 51% migration background) participated in the intervention and were assessed in four waves over a period of 26 weeks. Whereas ethnic-racial identity exploration and resolution increased for the intervention group, the adolescents reported no change in outgroup and diversity attitudes when compared to a control group. Increases in ethnic-racial identity exploration and resolution co-varied with increases in attitudes, but only at Time 3. The results do not provide support for the link between ethnic-racial identity development and positive outgroup and diversity attitudes, and challenge the notion of attitude change as a cascading effect of the Identity Project intervention in non-US sociocultural contexts. All aspects of the study were pre-registered on the Open Science Framework platform ( https://osf.io/f5896 ).

A guide for social science journal editors on easing into open science.

Journal editors have a large amount of power to advance open science in their respective fields by incentivising and mandating open policies and practices at their journals. The Data PASS Journal Editors Discussion Interface (JEDI, an online community for social science journal editors: www.dpjedi.org ) has collated several resources on embedding open science in journal editing ( www.dpjedi.org/resources ). However, it can be overwhelming as an editor new to open science practices to know where to start. For this reason, we created a guide for journal editors on how to get started with open science. The guide outlines steps that editors can take to implement open policies and practices within their journal, and goes through the what, why, how, and worries of each policy and practice. This manuscript introduces and summarizes the guide (full guide: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/hstcx ).

Testing exploratory narrative processing as a mechanism of change in identity status processes over 4 years in college-going emerging adults.

We examined the critical task of emerging adulthood-identity development-via analyses of trajectories of identity exploration and commitment over the college years, as well as whether narrative processing of important events during this period served as a mechanism of identity exploration and commitment. We took advantage of a unique and comprehensive longitudinal design, which included 12 waves of data, both quantitative and qualitative assessments, collected over 4 years, on two distinct college campuses in the Northwestern and Northeastern regions of the United States (Wave 1, n = 639; growth models using all waves, n = 251). Analyses for this study were preregistered after data collection was complete. We first examined trajectories of exploration and commitment via the dual-cycle identity model. Second, we examined whether exploratory processing in the narration of future self-defining memories at specific waves predicted changes in exploration and commitment in subsequent waves. Findings indicated that exploration and commitment showed trajectories typically viewed as normative (e.g., increasing adaptive forms of exploration and commitment), although trajectories for those at higher socioeconomic statuses differed by showing more exploration and less commitment. We failed to find evidence that exploratory processing predicted changes in exploration and commitment. Implications include distinctions in measurement and theoretical approaches to the study of identity development, the need for greater understanding of what is developing before theorizing how it develops, and the limitations of what is considered normative without attention to structural constraints, such as social class. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

" Inside of my home, I was getting a full dose of culture": Exploring the ecology of Indigenous peoples' development through stories.

According to the Indigenist ecological systems model (Fish et al., 2022; Fish & Syed, 2018), Indigenous Peoples' histories and cultures are critical to their development. However, the inclusion of Indigenous Peoples' histories and cultures in their environments is complicated by settler colonialism-a societal structure that seeks to eliminate such important contexts. The exclusion of Indigenous Peoples' histories and cultures in their environments can have adverse effects on psychological functioning (Fryberg & Townsend, 2008; Wexler, 2009). Despite this, Indigenous Peoples continue to access their histories and cultures throughout their development to survive and thrive (Vizenor, 2008). Though the Indigenist ecological systems model offers theoretical insight into the histories and cultures that contour Indigenous Peoples' environments, there are no empirical studies that examine its most basic claims. The present study addresses this gap in the literature by exploring how historical and cultural contexts intersect with the environments that affect Indigenous Peoples' development. Through a QUANT-qual embedded mixed-methods design, our analyses of Indigenous Peoples' digital story narratives (n = 73) suggest that immediate (e.g., parents, peers, school) and distant (e.g., media, government, policies) environments are the most salient to Indigenous Peoples' development. Culture figured into Indigenous Peoples' immediate environments to a moderate extent and distant environments to a prominent extent. History did too, but to a lesser extent. We discuss the implications of these findings for Indigenous well-being and recommendations for creating a more equitable developmental landscape via partnerships with Indigenous Peoples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Building causal knowledge in behavior genetics without racial/ethnic diversity will result in weak causal knowledge.

Behavior genetics often emphasizes methods over the underlying quality of the psychological information to which the methods are applied. A core aspect of this quality is the demographic diversity of the samples. Building causal genetic models based only on European-ancestry samples compromises their generalizability. Behavior genetics researchers must spend additional time and resources diversifying their samples before emphasizing causation.

A primer for choosing, designing and evaluating registered reports for qualitative methods.

Registered reports are a publication format that involves peer reviewing studies both before and after carrying out research procedures. Although registered reports were originally developed to combat challenges in quantitative and confirmatory study designs, today registered reports are also available for qualitative and exploratory work. This article provides a brief primer that aims to help researchers in choosing, designing, and evaluating registered reports, which are driven by qualitative methods.

Registered Reports in Child Development: Introduction to the Special Section.

Registered Reports (RRs) are an emerging format for publishing empirical journal articles in which the decision to publish an article is based on sound conceptualization, methods, and planned analyses rather than the specific nature of the results. This article introduces the Special Section on Registered Reports in Child Development by describing what RRs are and why they are necessary, outlining the thought process that guided the Special Section, describing key thematic insights across the eight articles included in the collection, and providing recommendations for developmental researchers interested in publishing via the RR format. This article also serves as a formal announcement that RRs will be a standard publishing option at Child Development, effective immediately.

CT imaging determinants of persistent hypoxemia in acute intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism.

The factors associated with persistent hypoxemia after pulmonary embolus (PE) are not well understood. Predicting the need for oxygen post discharge at the time of diagnosis using available CT imaging will enable better discharge planning. To examine the relationship between CT derived imaging markers (automated computation of arterial small vessel fraction, pulmonary artery diameter to aortic diameter ratio (PA:A), right to left ventricular diameter ratio (RV:LV) and new oxygen requirement at the time of discharge in patients diagnosed with acute intermediate-risk PE. CT measurements were obtained in a retrospective cohort of patients with acute-intermediate risk PE admitted to Brigham and Women's Hospital between 2009 and 2017. Twenty one patients without a history of lung disease requiring home oxygen and 682 patients without discharge oxygen requirements were identified. There was an increased median PA:A ratio (0.98 vs. 0.92, p = 0.02) and arterial small vessel fraction (0.32 vs. 0.39, p = 0.001) in the oxygen-requiring group], but no difference in the median RV:LV ratio (1.20 vs. 1.20, p = 0.74). Being in the upper quantile for the arterial small vessel fraction was associated with decreased odds of oxygen requirement (OR 0.30 [0.10-0.78], p = 0.02). Loss of arterial small vessel volume as measured by arterial small vessel fraction and an increase in the PA:A ratio at the time of diagnosis were associated with the presence of persistent hypoxemia on discharge in acute intermediate-risk PE.

Cognitive scripts and narrative identity are shaped by structures of power.

Constructing a narrative identity involves developing an understanding of oneself as integrated through time and across contexts, a task critical to psychosocial development and functioning. However, research has primarily focused on the individual in isolation or in highly localized contexts. This is problematic because narrative identity is profoundly shaped by structures of power; thus, we cannot understand how individuals understand themselves through time, across contexts, and as a member of a particular community without attention to the structure of society. We propose a structural-psychological framework for the study of autobiographical memory, narrative, and context that examines how structures of power are maintained, and potentially changed, through the narration of autobiographical events, as guided by cognitive scripts, or master narratives.

Impact of Pulmonary and Sleep Disorders on COVID-19 Infection Severity in a Large Clinical Biobank.

Rationale: Multiple pulmonary, sleep, and other disorders are associated with the severity of Covid-19 infections but may or may not directly affect the etiology of acute Covid-19 infection. Identifying the relative importance of concurrent risk factors may prioritize respiratory disease outbreaks research. Objectives: To identify associations of common preexisting pulmonary and sleep disease on acute Covid-19 infection severity, investigate the relative contributions of each disease and selected risk factors, identify sex-specific effects, and examine whether additional electronic health record (EHR) information would affect these associations. Methods: 45 pulmonary and 6 sleep diseases were examined in 37,020 patients with Covid-19. We analyzed three outcomes: death; a composite measure of mechanical ventilation and/or ICU admission; and inpatient admission. The relative contribution of pre-infection covariates including other diseases, laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and clinical note terms was calculated using LASSO. Each pulmonary/sleep disease model was then further adjusted for covariates. Measurements and main results: 37 pulmonary/sleep diseases were associated with at least one outcome at Bonferroni significance, 6 of which had increased relative risk in LASSO analyses. Multiple prospectively collected non-pulmonary/sleep diseases, EHR terms and laboratory results attenuated the associations between preexisting disease and Covid-19 infection severity. Adjustment for counts of prior "blood urea nitrogen" phrases in clinical notes attenuated the odds ratio point estimates of 12 pulmonary disease associations with death in women by ≥1. Conclusions: Pulmonary diseases are commonly associated with Covid-19 infection severity. Associations are partially attenuated by prospectively-collected EHR data, which may aid in risk stratification and physiological studies.

Four types of change and self-other agreement on change in personality traits during college years: A multi-informant longitudinal study.

Research in personality trait change has largely relied on mean-level and rank-order change across the lifespan. The current research expanded the literature in several ways: analyzing four types of change and correlated change patterns, obtaining multi-informant reports, including lower-order personality traits, and collecting multiple assessments during a short yet important time for college-attending emerging adults (baseline N = 259, Mage  = 18.79). There was little evidence for mean-level change, yet participants showed significant individual differences such that rank-ordering and ipsative profiles were much more dynamic than mean score patterns. Informant-reports from close others demonstrated largely similar patterns: little to no mean-level change, significant increase in rank-ordering, and about half of participants reporting configural change mostly in elevation and scatter rather than in profile shapes. Interestingly, there was no correlated change between self and other-reports. This indicated that close others do not share individuals' perception of their own personality trait change, at least not in the demographic group studied. By examining individual-level, sample-level, and multi-informant perspectives, our thorough investigation provided useful benchmarks for future research to examine the source of variability in change trajectories.

Master narrative methodology: A primer for conducting structural-psychological research.

OBJECTIVE: The emphasis placed on individual-level analysis throughout psychological science in general, and diversity science in particular, has left the role of structural factors undertheorized. Moreover, the field suffers from a lack of research methods that fully investigate structural-individual relations. This article outlines one structural-psychological approach, the master narrative framework, and details various methods for taking social structures into account while still maintaining the focus on the individual. CONCLUSION: These methods, including event narratives, in-depth interviews, life-script analysis, focus groups, experiments, and conversation analysis, allow for an understanding of both the nature and substance of the structures and how individuals interact with them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

A cultural evolutionary behavior genetics will need a more sophisticated conceptualization of cultural traits.

A framework that brings together cultural perspectives and behavior genetics has long been needed. To be successful, however, we need sophistication in the conceptualization of culture. Here, we highlight three imperatives to this end: the need for a clear definition of cultural traits, inclusion of the role of societal power, and recognizing the distinction between traits and characteristic adaptations.

Identity trajectories and narratives during the transition out of undergraduate education among Georgian emerging adults.

The transition out of university education and into the workforce represents a turning point in terms of the evolution of one's goals, roles, responsibilities, relationships, and lifestyle. For this reason, this transition might create important challenges and opportunities for identity formation. The present mixed-method longitudinal study examined identity formation processes in a sample of Georgian final-year undergraduate students over an 11-month period at four different points before and after graduation. At time 1, 369 participants (20% male, mean age = 21.83) completed self-report questionnaires. Life narratives were collected from a subsample of 40 individuals who participated at the last (i.e., fourth) time point. Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was used to identify developmental typologies of identity formation based on dimensions of commitment and exploration, collected at all four time points. Four trajectory classes-Moratorium, Foreclosure, Troubled Diffusion, and Undifferentiated-were identified. Qualitative results suggest that childhood and family relationships, independence/autonomy/adulthood, education/occupation, and romantic relationships represented salient identity related themes among the study participants. Narratives of trajectory representatives provided insights and the phenomenological accounts of emerging adults' experiences during the transition and highlight specific characteristics of each trajectory class. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Disentangling paradigm and method can help bring qualitative research to post-positivist psychology and address the generalizability crisis.

For decades, psychological research has heavily favored quantitative over qualitative methods. One reason for this imbalance is the perception that quantitative methods follow from a post-positivist paradigm, which guides mainstream psychology, whereas qualitative methods follow from a constructivist paradigm. However, methods and paradigms are independent, and embracing qualitative methods within mainstream psychology is one way of addressing the generalizability crisis.

Sleep apnea phenotyping and relationship to disease in a large clinical biobank.

OBJECTIVE: Sleep apnea is associated with a broad range of pathophysiology. While electronic health record (EHR) information has the potential for revealing relationships between sleep apnea and associated risk factors and outcomes, practical challenges hinder its use. Our objectives were to develop a sleep apnea phenotyping algorithm that improves the precision of EHR case/control information using natural language processing (NLP); identify novel associations between sleep apnea and comorbidities in a large clinical biobank; and investigate the relationship between polysomnography statistics and comorbid disease using NLP phenotyping. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed clinical chart reviews on 300 participants putatively diagnosed with sleep apnea and applied International Classification of Sleep Disorders criteria to classify true cases and noncases. We evaluated 2 NLP and diagnosis code-only methods for their abilities to maximize phenotyping precision. The lead algorithm was used to identify incident and cross-sectional associations between sleep apnea and common comorbidities using 4876 NLP-defined sleep apnea cases and 3× matched controls. RESULTS: The optimal NLP phenotyping strategy had improved model precision (≥0.943) compared to the use of one diagnosis code (≤0.733). Of the tested diseases, 170 disorders had significant incidence odds ratios (ORs) between cases and controls, 8 of which were confirmed using polysomnography (n = 4544), and 281 disorders had significant prevalence OR between sleep apnea cases versus controls, 41 of which were confirmed using polysomnography data. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: An NLP-informed algorithm can improve the accuracy of case-control sleep apnea ascertainment and thus improve the performance of phenome-wide, genetic, and other EHR analyses of a highly prevalent disorder.

Within family patterns of relative parental involvement across two generations of Swedish parents.

This prospective longitudinal study investigated father involvement relative to mother involvement in parent dyads across two generations from the same family. Relative parental involvement was operationalized using measures of how much parents shared parenting responsibilities and to whom their children turned preferentially in various situations. We hypothesized mean level increases towards more equal involvement for fathers and mothers across generations as well as intergenerational continuity of within-family patterns for both aspects of parental involvement. The longitudinal study involved 144 families and their first-born children, followed since 1982. The analyses involved the families of the 74 children who were parents themselves by age 33. Father involvement was lower than mother involvement in both generations. Results revealed mean level changes towards more equal sharing of responsibilities in the second generation, but no intergenerational changes in the likelihood that children would be more likely to turn to their fathers in various situations. There was intergenerational continuity within families in child preferences but not in the sharing of responsibilities. Together these findings imply that child preferences are related to within-family influences whereas other factors affect parents' sharing of responsibilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Positive and negative valences of identities: Longitudinal associations of identity content valences with adaptive and maladaptive functioning among Japanese young adults.

Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory assumes that valence of one's identity (i.e., identity content valence) defined by positive and negative identity elements is important for understanding patterns of (mal)adaptation. However, previous empirical research on identity and (mal)adaptation has focused on how individuals deal with identity issues (e.g., exploration and commitment), while neglecting identity content valences. In contrast, this study assessed identity content valences in terms of positive and negative identity elements. Theoretically, identity content valences affect (mal)adaptation, whereas individuals' (mal)adaptation influences their identities. Consequently, this study examined reciprocal relationships between identity content valences and adaptation (i.e., prosocial behaviors) and maladaptation (e.g., externalizing symptoms) in a sample of Japanese young adults, including socioculturally relevant indicators of maladaptation (i.e., hikikomori symptoms and suicidal ideation). This study includes 2,313 Japanese young adults who participated in a three-wave longitudinal study. The cross-lagged panel model and random intercept cross-lagged panel model revealed reciprocal relationships between identity content valences and (mal)adaptation at the between-person level. Negative identity elements positively predicted suicidal ideation. Meanwhile, prosocial behaviors positively predicted positive identity elements, whereas hikikomori symptoms and suicidal ideation positively predicted negative identity elements. These relationships were significant only for socioculturally relevant indicators, suggesting the importance of considering sociocultural contexts.

Somali migration to the United States: Understanding adaptation through digital stories.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to further understand the psychological process of migration through an interdisciplinary (psychology, history, and digital humanities) collaboration that examines the experiences of Somali refugees in the United States. METHOD: The sample consisted of 26 Somali American emerging adult and older adult refugees who created digital stories as part of the Immigrant Stories Project (https://immigrantstories.umn.edu/). Stories were analyzed through an examination of narrative structure and content. RESULTS: The structure of the authors' stories was primarily progressive or stable, with very few regressive stories. Although the distribution of these story structures did not differ for emerging adults and older adults, there were important variations in content. Emerging adults' stories reflected a struggle to find self-continuity across time and place, whereas older adults' stories indicated attempts to find meaning and optimally adapt to their current situations. Moreover, none of the stories took on a redemptive structure, a type of story that has been identified as culturally prevalent in U.S. culture but seldom examined across diverse populations. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the varieties of paths toward successful immigration and the importance of taking a collaborative, participatory approach to understanding migration experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

A conceptual review of identity integration across adulthood.

Though Erikson recognized identity development as a lifelong project, most research on identity has focused on adolescents and emerging adults. Less is known about how the identity formed in adolescence is maintained and adapted across the adult life span. The purpose of the present paper is to provide a conceptual review and elaboration of Erikson's (1968) theory focused on identity integration, a construct that is particularly relevant to adult identity development. Identity integration describes the process of bringing together various aspects of one's self into a coherent whole, and the sense of self-continuity and wholeness that emerges as a result of these processes. Informed by the identity and life span development literatures, we present a conceptual framework that describes how identity integration is maintained across the adult life span, and how it is reestablished when changing life circumstances present threats to an individual's identity. These maintenance and reestablishment processes help to support adults' well-being and adaptation to major life transitions and stressful events. This conceptual framework is intended to facilitate research on identity integration in adulthood, a time of life that has been less often studied in the identity literature but that can involve identity dynamics that are just as critical as those in adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).