Corrigendum to “Antiobesity and antihyperlipodemic effect of Ixora coccinea on Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemia in rats: An approach to evaluate asymmetrical temperature distribution analysis using thermography” Chinese Herbal Medicines 11 (2019) 326–331 (Chinese Herbal Medicines (2019) 11(3) (326–331), (S1674638419300498), (10.1016/j.chmed.2019.05.006)) / 中草药·英文版

When this paper was first published the following ethical statement was omitted in error: The experiment was approved by Institutional Animal Ethical committee (IAEC) with an approval number (KSRCT/BT/IAEC/2017/20) and the experiment was conducted at Animal House facility, KS Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu, India. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.

Therapeutic effect of Parmotrema tinctorum against complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and identification of novel Isophthalic ester derivative.

The present study reveals the anti-arthritic potential of traditionally used Parmotrema tinctorum (Pt) on experimental rats and purification of novel Isophthalic ester derivative. Arthritis was induced in rats using Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) and subsequently treated with Pt extract (100 & 200 mg/kg.b.w). Assessment of antiarthritic activity was carried out using paw volume, arthritic score, haematological, biochemical, tissue antioxidant, histopathology and radiological analyses of ankle joints. The results revealed that continuous administration of Pt reduces the complication associated with arthritis by inhibiting the edema formation and arthritic score significantly (P < 0.05). The altered changes in biochemical parameters were brought back with an improvement in free radical scavenging ability after treatment with Pt significantly. Further purification of Pt using conventional column chromatography led to the isolation of four compounds and the structure of these isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data's FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT-NMR spectroscopy, COSY & HSQC-NMR spectroscopy and LC-MS. The spectral data revealed that the three compounds were found to be Methyl-γ-Orsellinate, Atranorin, and usnic acid (CI-III) along with a novel secondary metabolite, (C-IV)4-Hydroxy-5-methyl-isophthalicacid3-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl)ester (C16H14O7,318.1amu). The present study reveals that Parmotrema tinctorum reduces complications associated with arthritis and the compounds were isolated for the first time.

Larvicidal potential of selected indigenous lichens against three mosquito species–Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi / 中草药·英文版

Objective: Mosquitoes are the major transmitting vectors of serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year with undesirable effects, including toxicity to non-target organisms. Some plants with insecticidal properties have been used in recent years for the control of a variety of pest insects and vectors. In the quest for alternative natural biological control agents against mosquito larvae lichens were selected. Method: Larvicidal activity was assessed with methanolic extracts of Parmotrema reticulatum, Parmotrema kamatti, Parmotrema tinctorum, Parmelia erumpens, Leptogium papilosum, and Roccella montagnei against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus. The standard WHO protocols with minor modifications were adopted and the bioassay was evaluated at the concentrations of 100–500 µg/mL for each lichen. Since all the lichen extracts showed complete mortality against C. quinquefasciatus in 100 µg/mL, the concentrations were decreased to 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 µg/mL for C. quinquefasciatus. Larval mortality was observed for 24 h after treatment. Results: All the lichen extracts exhibited activity against third instar larvae of A. aegypti and A. stephensi at 100 µg/mL, and 100% mortality was observed against the vector C. quinquefasciatus at 100 µg/mL. The highest larvicidal activity was found with L. papilosum against A. aegypti (LC50 = 81.127 µg/mL) and A. stephensi (LC50 = 89.10 µg/mL). Similarly, P. tinctorum and R. montagnei when tested against C. quinquefasciatus with minimum concentration <100 µg/mL exhibited significant activity with LC50 values of 5.32 and 6.97 µg/mL. Conclusion: The bioassay results revealed larvicidal potential of lichens especially against C. quinquefasciatus with high mortality even at lower concentration. Hence, lichens can be used as an ideal sustainable approach for the control of lymphatic filariasis caused by vector C. quinquefasciatus.