[From support relationship to psychotherapeutic intervention. When to refer and to whom]. / De la relation d'aide à l'intervention psychothérapeutique. Quand et à qui se référer?

In most of the psychopathological syndromes, one has to combine drug and psychotherapy. This is true for depression and useful for anxiety disorders. The help-relationship presents the same features as other types of psychotherapy, such as corrective emotional experience, patient's conviction of the efficacy of the therapy... When the practitioner feels that be can no more help his patient, he can refer him to a psychotherapist who will either take the patient under treatment himself or refer him to another colleague skillful in other psychotherapeutic approaches, according to our present knowledge of the specific indications.

[Ethical implications in the psychotherapeutic relationship]. / Implications ethiques de la relation psychothérapeutique.

The psychotherapeutical relationship is part of the communication sciences. Therefore some authors as e.g. J. Habermas consider the ethics of the psychotherapeutical relationship to be paradigmatical for the ethics of communication. The ethical problems of psychotherapy are particularly important, since the patient-psychotherapist relationship is the main instrument of therapy. The ethical problems vary according to the type of psychotherapeutical relationship, which in turn depends on the form of psychotherapy. Therefore the ethical problems will successively be considered in the psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapies, the behavior therapies and the systemic therapies. Finally the more general ethical problem of the relations of psychotherapists with power will be discussed.

[Literary creation and political involvement]. / Création littéraire et engagement politique.

We approach four french fascist writers of the period between the two world wars: Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Robert Brasillach, Lucein Rebatet and Pierre Drieu La Rochelle. We examine the psychodynamic links between the literary creation and their political involvement. We can agree with those authors who state that the sublimation, common to all human beings, is post-oedipal. But we can add that there is no competition, from the economical viewpoint, between the post-oedipal sublimation, type political involvement, and the preoedipal sublimation, type literary creation. We arrive also to the conclusion that, in contradiction with what we have seen in the literature overview, it seems that narcissistic personality disorders have no negative effect on literary creation.

[Epidemiological study of psychiatric and psychosocial emergencies at the University Hospital of the Free University in Brussels (AZ-VUB)]. / Etude épidémiologique de l'urgence psychiatrique et psychosociale à l'Hôpital Universitaire de la Vrije Universiteit Brussel (AZ-VUB).

This epidemiological study in a psychiatric emergency ward demonstrates the existence of a population in Psychosocial Crisis. An operational definition of Psychosocial Crisis is proposed on the basis of psychopathological and psychosocial scales. Suicide attempts are extremely frequent in this population. It appears to be very difficult to bring a prospective study in an emergency ward to a successful conclusion.

[Fascist ideology and individual psychology]. / Idéologie fasciste et psychologie individuelle.

This study is based on the personality of four fascists writers: Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Lucien Rebatet, Robert Brasillach and Pierre Drieu La Rochelle. These have been drawn viscerally by fascist ideology and we have attempted to understand the psychological elements of this attitude. Modern industrial society has cultivated the narcissic features of the individual of which we find the psychopathological equivalent in the narcissic troubles of the personality of the selected writers. Fascism can be considered as a reaction against the bourgeois or marxist values of modern society. Fascist ideology has been able to fascinate these writers because its political project and its project of transformation of the human being found e resonance with the personal themes of narcissic personalities who have adhered to fascism as to a redemptory religion.

[Psychological aspects of anti-Semitism in fascist writers]. / Aspects psychologiques de l'antisémitisme chez des écrivains fascistes.

We feel sure that the different psychoanalytical interpretations concerning antisemitism as a general phenomenon or concerning the personality of the antisemite each contain part of the truth. We simply wish to show that one of the possible explanations of antisemitism is to be found in narcissistic disturbances of the personality. We study four fascist writers: Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Lucien Rebatet, Robert Brasillach and Pierre Drieu La Rochelle. We come to the conclusion that the racist and antisemitic attitudes of these writers are caused by a lack of empathy and that this becomes a party to narcissistic disturbances of the personality.

[Humor, creativity and psychotherapy]. / Humour, creativité et psychothérapie.

Humor must be clearly distinguished from joke and comic. It presents the characteristics described by Freud for the creative processes in general and has an effect to provoke a removal of the sexual and aggressive inhibitions on a intrapsychical level, thus allowing to the individual to fight against the social constraints. The author defends the idea that humor can usefully be employed in the outline of the corrective emotional experience in the psychotherapeutically relation: it assures not only a removal of inhibitions, but it also protects the individual against the anxiogenic feelings and gives him the possibility to assert himself narcissistally towards the outside world.

[Narcoanalysis, "la belle au bois dormant" (author's transl)]. / La narco-analyse, la belle au bois dormant.

Narcoanalysis, used as a diagnostic tool, seems to permit a more rapid and deeper psychological examination. Therapeutically, it seems to enhance results, without having more specific effects than other forms of psychotherapy in any neuropsychiatric condition. The mechanisms of action of narcoanalysis remain unclear: maybe it frees repression or other mechanisms may have a role. The authors wish to study what happens to the ego functions during narcoanalysis. They wish also to learn how affective inhibition disappears and how traumatic events may be integrated in the ego.

[Misadventures of modern psychotherapy (author's transl)]. / Avatars de la psychothérapie moderne.

Various forms of modern psychotherapy come from psychoanalysis because of its rational approach of psychological phenomenon and its manipulation for therapy. The problems of modern psychotherapy deal with the changes and problems of psychoanalysis. One can say that some evolution in the frame of psychoanalysis constitutes a regression if the rational is abandoned for a mystical perception of personality. Furthermore, the development of brief psychotherapy is due to social and economic pressure, but also to the acceleration of psychological time and the increase of avidity in the personality of people, and through the exacerbation of phallico-narcissistic traits of psychotherapists.

[Psychological approach to Céline's obscenity]. / Approche psychanalytique de l'obscénité de Céline.

The aim of the psycho-analytical approach the author attempts is the obscene character of Céline's dependent of the writer's whole personality. The obscenity of the celinian language proceeds from several causes. It can be explained by the lucid and the phallic-narcistical features of Céline's personality in relation with psycho-sociological factors. Obscenity is lecherous and sullen in regard to women and virulent towards men: it may then be interpreted as a mean of struggle against the anxiety of death. It is also used to translate the celinian contempt of the human being.

[Man and the spectacle. Notes on the psychologic reactions of the spectator]. / L'homme et le spectacle. Considérations sur les réactions psychologiques du spectateur

The comprehension of the spectator's psychology is difficult because of the fact that one should first analyse what is peculiar to the spectacle's creator. Louis-Ferdinand Celine presents the advantage to be at the same time an ingenious litterary creator and a ballets' passionate spectator. The author's purpose consists in demonstrating that the writer's interest in ballets is determined by the fight against death's anxiety, which is present in his whole work. On the basis of the freudian notions of "Vorlust" and "Endlust" he comes to the conclusion that the "compensatories" phantasies which are composing the new reality proposed by the creator rejoin the spectator's desirs which vary nevertheless from one person to another.