RESUMO
The patenting of biotechnological inventions is practically in harmony with the general requirements of patent protection. It stands still in the foreground of interests since this is the only technical field where the living material itself may be the subject matter of patents. In consequence ethical problems have arisen first of all in the patenting of human cells and genes in which there is no agreement between R&D firms, patent offices and green movements. This has called for the elaboration of special Directives. On the other hand, patent systems are instrumental in safeguarding biodiversity. This review gives a picture of the patenting situation in biotechnology in the European Patent Office and in Hungary, the host country of the Congress. It also gives practical advice to biotechnological researchers on how to draft the applications and to observe the time limits, as well as on the necessity and possibilities of the deposit of microorganisms.
Assuntos
Biotecnologia/legislação & jurisprudência , Patentes como Assunto/legislação & jurisprudência , Células , Congressos como Assunto , Eritropoetina , Ética , Europa (Continente) , Genes , Humanos , Hungria , Microbiologia/legislação & jurisprudência , Proteínas RecombinantesAssuntos
Diarreia Infantil/etiologia , Enterite/etiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Diarreia Infantil/microbiologia , Disenteria/diagnóstico , Disenteria/microbiologia , Enterite/microbiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Infecções por Rotavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rotavirus/microbiologiaRESUMO
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rotaviral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracted directly from faecal specimens collected in three different parts of Hungary was applied to characterize and distinguish 21 randomly selected viral isolates. This technique made it possible to define 7 different electrophoretypes. Of the isolates 11 exhibited an identical "long" electrophoretic migration pattern. "Short" RNA pattern was found in two cases, and one atypical rotavirus was also revealed. This is the first description of rotavirus RNA electrophoretypes in Hungary.
Assuntos
RNA Viral/análise , Rotavirus/classificação , Pré-Escolar , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Gastroenterite/microbiologia , Humanos , Hungria , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , RNA de Cadeia Dupla/análise , Rotavirus/genética , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Rotavirus/microbiologiaAssuntos
Gastroenteropatias/microbiologia , Doenças Respiratórias/microbiologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/microbiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Infecção Hospitalar/transmissão , Feminino , Gastroenteropatias/transmissão , Hospitais Pediátricos , Humanos , Hungria , Lactente , Masculino , Doenças Respiratórias/transmissão , Infecções por Rotavirus/transmissãoAssuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Antígenos Virais/análise , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Rotavirus/imunologia , Doença Aguda , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Imunofluorescência , Gastroenterite/diagnóstico , Humanos , Lactente , Infecções por Rotavirus/diagnósticoRESUMO
Hydroxylation of norethisterone by a large number of fungi has been investigated. 1alpha-Hydroxy-, 6beta-hydroxy-, 10beta-hydroxy-, 10beta,11beta-dihydroxy-15alpha-and 15beta-hydroxy-derivatives were formed from norethisterone. The microbiological dehydrogenation of 10beta-hydroxy-norethisterone resulting in 10beta,17beta-dihydroxy-17-ethynyl-1,4-estradien-3-one was also observed. The structure of transformation products was established by chemical and spectroscopical methods.
PIP: The microbiological hydroxylation of noresthisterone (17-ethynyl-17b eta-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one) is reported. 1 alpha-hydroxy-,6 beta-hydroxy-, 10 beta-hydroxy-, 6 beta,10 beta-dihydroxy-, 10 beta,11 beta dihydroxy-15 alpha and 15 beta-hydroxy-derivatives were formed from norethisterone by a large number of fungi. The dehydrogenation of 10 beta-hydroxy-norethisterone resulted in 10 beta,17 beta-dihydroxy-17-ethynyl-1,4-estradien-3-one. Chemical and spectroscopical methods were employed to establish the structure of the transformation products.
