The relation between antioxidative ability and the diet of young swimmers.

PURPOSE: The comparison of nutrition of children with high level of physical activity in dependence on antioxidative efficiency expressed in Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma--FRAP adapted for saliva. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The group consisted of 74 pupils (43 boys and 31 girls) from swimming classes of Sport Championship School in Kraków. FRAP was measured in saliva with the use of colorimetric method and was presented in calculation per 1 gram of proteins. Three groups were separated on the basis of FRAP/ protein (g) values distribution of 15 and 85 percentile. In each group the comparison of particular nutritional components was done with taking into consideration the 24 hour nutritional recall. RESULTS: The statistically significant differences in nutrition were observed only in girls group in dependence on the FRAP values. These differences concerned energy and carbohydrates intake. Fats always provided more then 30% of energy, especially among children with high FRAP/ protein (g) value--34.3%. The shortage of proteins was not observed. The mean intake of calcium, and zinc was below and phosphorus, vitamin A and C intake was above the recommended level. CONCLUSIONS: Non-enzymatic mechanisms of antioxidative efficiency (FRAP) are partially being modified by nutritional factors.

[The kind of dependence and estimation of body mass]. / Rodzaj uzaleznienia a skladowe masy ciala.

The aim of the study was to evaluate frequency of overweight and underweight, and estimation of components of body mass (body fat, lean body mass, body water) in 176 people: 61 men with aethanol dependency (group 1), 37 opiate addicted men (group 2), 32 men in control group (group 3), 14 opiate addicted women (group 4) and 32 women after first suicidal attempts who were treated in the Department of Clinical Toxicology (group 5). All of the patients had their Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated. The components of body mass were calculated using the method of bioelectrical impendance with Maltron. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica Software. The greatest differences were observed between group 2 and group 1. In both groups more underweight, less overweight with less total body fat was observed, with the increase in body water. In both women groups no overweight or obesity were observed, but there were significant differences between various body components masses. Deficiencies in body fat were observed in 86% women from group 4 and in 50% women from group 5. On the other hand excess of body water was observed in 93% from group 4 and only in 47% from group 5. Our studies shown that even among the persons with correct weight calculated using the BMI method some abnormalities can be observed in body fat, lean body mass and body water. We therefore conclude that only by measuring components of total body mass we may evaluate etiology of overweight and obesity.

[Measurement of vascular density in proliferative lesions of the thyroid gland]. / Pomiar gestosci naczyniowej w zmianach rozrostowych tarczycy.

In the present study vascular density was measure in histopathological slides of the simple goiter (15 cases) and of the same proliferative condition of the thyroid gland (113 cases) including adenoma (29 cases) and carcinoma (16 cases). Epithelial antibody CD31 and vWF identified vessels with the help of semiautomatic image analysis system. It has been shown that the highest values were typical for neoplastic tumors. However significant overlap has been shown. Statistically significant differences were very weakly seen between neoplasm's and thyroid hyperfunction. Also differences between carcinomas and adenomas were of low significance. Probably this is because of great heterogeneity of carcinomatosus neoplasms included in this study. Unexpectedly there were also no statistically significant differences between simple goiter, hyperplasia and thyroid hyperfunction.

[The effect of myocardial revascularization on global and regional systolic and diastolic left and right ventricular function]. / Wplyw zabiegów rewaskularyzacyjnych na skurczowa i rozkurczowa czynnosc lewej i prawej komory serca.

UNLABELLED: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of myocardial revascularization (PTCA, CABG) on right and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, and segmental wall motion in patients with coronary artery disease. The study population consisted of 27 patients, ranging in age from 36 to 67 years (mean age 51.1 +/- 8.8). CABG and PTCA were performed in 17 and 10 patients, respectively. All patients underwent radionuclide angiocardiography at baseline and 3 months after the procedure. The following parameters were measured: ejection fraction (EF), 1/3EF, maximal emptying rate (MER), maximal filling rate (MFR), 1/3 filling fraction (1/3FF), and segmental wall motion in segments S1 to S9. Increased left ventricular EF was observed in 29.4% of patients after CABG and in 40% of patients after PTCA. Segmental wall motion in the revascularized area also improved except for septal segments in the left ventricle in patients after CABG. Global right ventricular function remained practically unchanged both after CABG and PTCA. However, EF of right ventricular septal segments increased after CABG: S1--24.58 +/- 11.7% vs 33.4 +/- 14.7%, S9--35.52 +/- 13.7% vs 46.8 +/- 15.9%. CONCLUSION: Myocardial revascularization improves left ventricular systolic and diastolic function with no effect on global right ventricular performance. After CABG the ejection fraction of septal segments was altered. Successful PTCA of LAD improves EF of septal segments in the left ventricle.

Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions in proliferative lesions of the thyroid gland.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze various argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) parameters in proliferative lesions of the thyroid gland and to determine to what extent these parameters are influenced by the type of lesion or malignancy. STUDY DESIGN: AgNORs were studied by light microscopy with the help of a semiautomated image analysis system in the normal thyroid gland (n = 6), nodular hyperplasia (n = 12), thyroid hyperfunction (n = 6); follicular adenoma (n = 21), oxyphilic adenoma (n = 10), follicular carcinoma (n = 10), oxyphilic carcinoma (n = 9), papillary adenocarcinoma (n = 14), and giant (n = 6) and small cell anaplastic carcinoma (n = 4). The investigated parameters included the number and area of AgNOR dots, the number of separate AgNOR locations, the ratio of the AgNOR dot area to the nuclear area and the area of single AgNOR dots. RESULTS: The number and area of AgNOR dots were low in all the lesions, with the exception of giant cell anaplastic carcinoma. The number of separate AgNOR locations was the lowest in oxyphilic cell tumors and medium in papillary adenocarcinoma, while in all other lesions and normal thyroid it had higher values. The ratio of AgNOR area to the nuclear area and the area of single dots were similar in proliferative lesions and normal thyroid. In all proliferative lesions and in normal thyroid, there was a significant positive correlation (P < or = .0001) between the area or number of AgNOR dots on the one hand and nuclear area on the other. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that in thyroid proliferative lesions, AgNOR values, particularly the number of separate AgNOR locations, correlate with the type of lesion but not with malignancy. Very typical are single clusters of dots within nuclei in oxyphilic tumors, malignant and benign, and in papillary adenocarcinomas, more or less often accompanied by single dots.

Silver-binding nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in tumors of colon.

In the present study various AgNOR parameters were assessed in the computer-aided image analysis and involved the normal epithelium of colon both superficial and epithelium of crypts, adenomas and carcinomas of colon in humans. It indicated that the number and area of AgNOR dots was highest in carcinomas and decreased stepwise from carcinomas through adenomas and the epithelium of crypts to the superficial epithelium. Other parameters such as: the ratio of AgNOR dot area to nuclear area and the size of single dots were different only in the superficial epithelium. The number of AgNOR separate locations showed a tendency for higher values in neoplasms. In neoplastic lesions and normal epithelium there was a positive correlation (p < 0.0001) between AgNOR dot area and nuclear area.

Silver-binding nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in bronchial tumors.

Various AgNOR parameters were measured using the computer-aided image analysis in the normal bronchial epithelium (n = 13), in squamous cell carcinoma (n = 25) and in small-cell carcinoma (n = 11). The number and area of AgNOR dots were the highest in squamous cell carcinoma. In small cell carcinoma and in the normal epithelium the values were significantly lower. The number of AgNOR separate locations was higher in tumors in general. The size of single AgNOR dots showed differences between squamous cell carcinoma and small-cell carcinoma. Ratio of AgNOR dot area to nuclear area was similar in various pathological lesions and normal epithelium. There was a positive correlation ( < or = 0.0001) between the number and area of dots, the number of AgNOR separate locations, the area of single AgNOR dots on one hand and nuclear area on the other.

Morphometric measurements of the nuclear area in proliferative thyroid lesions.

The aim of this study was to establish the diagnostic value of nuclear area in proliferative lesions of thyroid gland. This study included 98 histological preparations of thyroid and 57 cytological preparations (touch imprints). Morphometric analysis was performed using light microscopy, B/W CCD camera connected to the frame grabber card, computer PC AT 386/3 and morphometric software Vist and Morpho. Nuclear area was measured semiautomatically. Our study indicated that the nuclear area was significantly higher in cytological preparations and that size of nuclei seems to depend on the type of neoplasm and to a lesser extent on whether a given tumor was malignant or benign.

Silver-binding nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in the normal epithelium of different parts of the digestive tract in rats.

The present study of AgNORs was carried out by computer-aided semiautomatic image analysis and involved epithelium, both surface and glandular, from various parts of the digestive tract in rats. It indicated that the number of AgNOR dots, their area and sometimes even the ratio of AgNOR area to nuclear area or the number of AgNOR clusters varied in epithelium from different parts of the digestive tract. The number and area of AgNORs correlated with the proliferative activity of cells in a given epithelium and they showed some typical features associated with the location. It should be noted that the area of AgNOR dots per nucleus and the area of a single AgNOR dot also positively correlated with the nuclear area.

Identification and assessment of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs)--technical problems.

NORs are the loops of DNA containing ribosomal genes which are associated with non-histonic argyrophilic proteins. It permits their identification by using specific argyrophilic staining. NORs are visualized in light microscopy as AgNOR dots or argyrophilic NOR dots. Neoplastic and proliferative cells show differences with respect to the number, area and distribution of AgNOR dots. Major difficulties in the analysis of AgNOR dots are caused by technical problems associated with staining and fixation of the tissue. In our study we found that correct fixation of nucleolar proteins associated with AgNORs was a decisive factor in correct interpretation of the results.

Fine needle aspiration cytology combined with argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms.

NORs are the loops of DNA that contain the sites of ribosomal genes around which the nucleolus is formed during telophase of mitosis. In light microscopy they can be visualized by simple silver staining technique as small dark dots within the nucleus. It has been recognized that in many neoplasms, especially malignant AgNORs are more numerous and often atypical when compared with benign tumors and normal tissue. We have introduced this novel technique to the fine needle cytology of thyroid neoplasms (n = 56). We have analyzed the number, the area of AgNORs, the number of clustered AgNORs in the nucleus and the ratio of AgNOR area to the nuclear area and the area of single AgNOR by means of semiautomatic computerized image analysis. We have studied cytological samples consisting of 7 simple goiters, 7 hyperplasias, 15 follicular adenomas, 7 oxyphilic follicular adenomas, 6 follicular carcinomas, 8 oxyphilic follicular carcinomas, 6 papillary adenocarcinomas. In this study we have demonstrated that some differences in the AgNORs value are associated with the type of tumor rather than with malignancy. Location of the AgNORs seems to be very typical for some types of tumors. For example in oxyphilic neoplasms they form single clusters in the nucleus and in papillary adenocarcinomas they form at least two abundant clusters. In other proliferative lesions of the thyroid gland location of AgNORs is less typical.

[Possibilities of objective evaluation of local reactive cell infiltrates in transplantable tumors]. / Mozliwosci obiektywnej oceny miejscowych nacieków z komórek odczynowych w przeszczepialnych nowotworach.

The studies on infiltrations consisting of reactive cells, i.e. lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils within and in the vicinity of neoplastic tissue were performed in order to elucidate the nature of the growth and to asses the role of these cells in human tumors. The objective methods for both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the infiltrating cells are necessary to obtain comparable results. We report our studies on the numbers and types of reactive cells present in 3 transplantable murine tumors with different immunogenicity (SaL-1, LLC, MCA-Sa). The cytological characterization of cells was performed as following: after enzymic digestion of the tissue the cell suspension was then passed through Millipore filters and dyed. The preliminary evaluation of the percentage of lymphocytes T found in the tumor infiltrations was performed using cytotoxicity test with monoclonal antithymocytic serum (Monoclonal Anti-Mouse Thy 1, 2). We have shown that there are differences in the number and type of reactive cells in infiltrations of the three different tumor tested. With the increasing mass of tumors the percent of reactive cells decreases proportionally.

[Fine-needle biopsy in the early diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms]. / Biopsja cienkoiglowa we wczesnym rozpoznawaniu nowotworów tarczycy.

Among the patients directed to the Department of Endocrinology of the Institute of Internal Medicine for diagnostic examinations of the thyroid, 726 (647 women and 79 men, of age between 16 and 79 years) were qualified to surgery after scintigraphic detection of cold nodules. From this group, 474 patients had thin-needle biopsy specimens taken for cytologic examination. The results of the latter examinations have been compared with those of histologic examination performed on the tissue removed during surgery. The occurrence of a malignant tumor (in 99.1%--thyroid cancer) was found in 108 patients (22.8%) from the group having thin-needle biopsy performed. Comparison of the results of cytologic examination with those of postoperative histologic examination demonstrated low sensitivity of biopsy examination (50.0%), as opposed to high specificity (96.2%) and high accuracy (85, 3%). Analysis of the false-negative results (54/108) revealed that the main causes of errors are difficulties in differentiation of adenoma from follicular carcinoma. Widening of the indications to surgery by a group of patients with adenoma will increase sensitivity to 84.8% and will require including into the operated group of about 50% of patients with scintigraphically diagnosed cold nodules: The introduction of the new term: "urgent strumectomy", has been proposed; also a diagnostic algorithm, useful for early diagnosis of malignant tumors of the thyroid, has been discussed.

[Evaluation of the usefulness of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prosthesis in cranioplasty. Experimental studies]. / Ocena przydatnosci protezy z policzterofluoroetylenu (PTFE) w kranioplastyce. Badania doswiadczalne.

In 12 cats a defect of the cranial bone was reconstructed by a tarflen (PTFE) plate (tarflen - Polish teflon). The experiment was made in order to estimate the usefulness of this prosthesis in cranioplastic surgery. The tarflen plates were produced in Tarnów (Poland). In the observation of 3 months the implanted tarflen plates examined. Histopathological studies showed that tarflen behaves like a chemically inactive substance.

The test of non-specific cell-mediated response in animals with transplantable tumours stimulated with calf thymus extract.

Investigations were carried out on the non-specific cell-mediated response in mice with transplantable tumours: LLC in mice C57Bl and F1(C57Bl X C3H), and SAL-l tumour in Balb/c mice. The malignant cells were implanted subcutaneously for observation of changes in the non-specific cell-mediated response at the time of the local growth of the tumour, and injections into the vein or into the foot-pad were made for studying the non-specific cell-mediated response at the time of tumour dissemination. In each series of the experiments the animals received an extract of calf thymus--the preparation TFX-Polfa. The control groups had the tumour cells implanted or injected but were not given TFX. For determining the non-specific cell-mediated response the animals were immunized with picryl chloride. In both experimental models, that is with subcutaneous implantation and with injections intravenously or into the foot-pad a decrease of the non-specific cell-mediated response was observed progressing gradually with extension of the tumours. Long-term administration of TFX in doses of 0.1 mg per mouse prevented the decrease of the non-specific cell-mediated response in the first place in mice with subcutaneous implantations. In mice with malignant cells injected intravenously or into the foot-pad TFX administration had no evident effect on the value of the test. This observation suggests that TFX prevents the development of a secondary immune deficit in mice with subcutaneous transplanted tumours--that is mainly at the time of local growth of the tumour, but is of little use in the phase of tumour dissemination.