RESUMO
In a dynamic far-field diffraction experiment, we calculate the largest Lyapunov exponent of a time series obtained from the optical fluctuations in a dynamic diffraction pattern. The time series is used to characterize the locomotory predictability of an oversampled microscopic species. We use a live nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, as a model organism to demonstrate our method. The time series is derived from the intensity at one point in the diffraction pattern. This single time series displays chaotic markers in the locomotion of the Caenorhabditis elegans by reconstructing the multidimensional phase space. The average largest Lyapunov exponent (base e) associated with the dynamic diffraction of 10 adult wildtype (N2) Caenorhabditis elegans is 1.27±0.03s-1.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Ópticos , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans/citologia , Análise de Fourier , Lasers , NataçãoRESUMO
We have used the ultrafast pump-probe technique known as picosecond ultrasonics to generate and detect surface acoustic waves on a structure consisting of nanoscale Al lines on SiO2 on Si. We report results from ten samples with varying pitch (1000-140â¯nm) and SiO2 film thickness (112â¯nm or 60â¯nm), and compare our results to an isotropic elastic calculation and a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation. In all cases we are able to detect and identify a Rayleigh-like surface acoustic wave with wavelength equal to the pitch of the lines and frequency in the range of 5-24â¯GHz. In some samples, we are able to detect additional, higher frequency surface acoustic waves or independent modes of the Al lines with frequencies close to 50â¯GHz. We also describe the effects of probe beam polarization on the measurement's sensitivity to the different surface modes.