Response of Benthic Fauna to Habitat Heterogeneity in a Shallow Temperate Lake.

We investigated the response of benthic macroinvertebrates in the eulittoral, infralittoral, and sublittoral zones, in two segments of the freshwater Lake Wicko on the coast of the Baltic Sea. Our results showed that the morphometry of lakes plays a major role as a factor structuring the macroinvertebrates communities. Two parts of the lake, different in size and depth, show decreasing differences in the trophic state, abundance, diversity and number of indicator species of benthic fauna with the depth gradient. The most significant differences were observed between the littoral zones of both segments. Similar environmental conditions in the sublittoral zones corresponded to the simplified structure of the benthic macroinvertebrates communities. In the infralittoral zone, the most significant differences between the two segments, were recorded for mollusks and large crustaceans as well as the Oligochaeta/Chironomidae abundance ratio. In the sublittoral zone, the diversity of chironomids differed most strongly. Lower species diversity was found in the part of the lake with a slight depth decrease. Shredders reached significantly higher values in eulittoral and infralittoral of the deeper lake segment. Average Score Per Taxon increased with a depth gradient. We recommend testing benthic macroinvertebrates in lakes with different morphometrics individually for each depth zone.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the dental service: A narrative review.

This article describes what changes have had to be made to the functioning of dental practices due to the COVID-19 pandemic and how the pandemic has affected dental staff. Dentists are at high risk of infection and this is associated with fear, including the fear of being infected by their co-workers and patients, or that they will infect their families. The introduced changes include increased protective measures, and the introduction of additional questionnaires and procedures. In dental practices, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) has been increased and changes have been introduced in the functioning of surgeries in accordance with the recommendations of dental associations and governments. The aforementioned changes have significantly reduced the comfort of dental work, increased the costs of treatment and reduced the availability of dental treatment. A novel solution to this situation has been the implementation of teledentistry, which helps to reduce the number of non-emergency visits. This process involves the remote facilitation of dental treatment by means of technology (i.e., phone or the Internet) without direct contact with the patient. Due to the restrictions implemented during the pandemic, many universities have introduced remote or hybrid teaching for both didactic and practical classes.