[Salmonella serovars isolated in Turkey up to the end of year 2011]. / Türkiye'de 2011 yili sonuna kadar izolasyonu bildirilen Salmonella serovarlari

Bacteria in Salmonella genus are separated into more than 2600 serovars. It is important that the isolated serovars and their sources are known in a certain country. This will help the identification of new Salmonella serovars that will be isolated later on. Since there is no Salmonella reference center in Turkey, Salmonella serovars isolated in Turkey were mainly reported by the articles of Aksoycan's manuscripts in various years, and in the list of Töreci and Ang in 1991. The aim of this meta-analysis was to detect and prepare a list for all the Salmonella serovars isolated from human and non-human samples in Turkey up to the end of 2011. In creating this serovar list, libraries, personal and institutional archives, theses, publication lists, books published after scientific meetings and congresses, and international and local periodicals have been explored, and members of Turkish Microbiology Society are communicated via the web site of the society and personal e-mail addresses, and their publications regarding Salmonella serovars were requested. The list also includes the modifications on the names and antigenic formulae of the serovars that were carried out in recent years. The number of serovars isolated in Turkey up to the end of 2011 is 129. Fifty three of them were isolated from humans, 38 from humans and non-human samples, and 38 from non-human samples. The total number of serovars isolated from humans is 91. Twenty seven serovars from serogrup 0:4 (B); 23 serovars from serogrup 0:7 (C1); 25 serovars from serogrup 0:8 (C2-C3); 16 serovars from serogrup 0:9 (D1); 8 serovars from serogrup 0:3,10 (E1) and 5 serovars from serogrup 0:28 (M) have been reported. Only two of the more than 2600 serovars known were isolated firstly in Turkey: S. Istanbul (8:z10: e,n,x) in 1969 and S. Adana (43:z10:1,5) in 1977. Previously, serovars containing 1 and 25 O antigen of S. Boecker ([1],6,14,[25]) were isolated in 1967 and 1971 for the first time in Turkey. In 1967, a serovar containing T1 antigen that appears during S-R alteration in Salmonella, with (T1: b: e,n,x) antigen formula has been isolated from non-human samples and was reported to be a probable S-R alteration of Salmonella Benfica. Furthermore, non-motile isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serogrup 0:7 (C1) and serogrup 0:9 (D) were reported as well. While reporting a new Salmonella isolation in a country one should not be content with only giving the name of the serovar, but also emphasize the antigenic structure and the identification method clearly.

Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pyogenes: results of a multicentre study in Turkey.

The in vitro activities of several antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (283), Haemophilus influenzae (272), Moraxella catarrhalis (179) and Streptococcus pyogenes (256) were determined in a multicentre study with the participation of five hospitals from four cities in Turkey. Penicillin resistance in S. pneumoniae was evaluated using the E-test and the remaining agents by disk diffusion. For S. pneumoniae overall 25.8% of the isolates were intermediately and 3.9% were highly resistant to penicillin and resistance to chloramphenicol, azithromycin and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) was 3.8, 2.1 and 55.4%, respectively. Seven percent of H. influenzae produced beta-lactamase and all were susceptible to cefotaxime and azithromycin; the highest rate of resistance, 23.5%, was for TMP/SMX. Eighty-one percent of M. catarrhalis isolates produced beta-lactamase, 18.4% were resistant to TMP/SMX and all were susceptible to sulbactam/ampicillin combination. Resistance to chloramphenicol and azithromycin of S. pyogenes was 2.2 and 1.9%, respectively.