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1.
Front Immunol ; 9: 1677, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30140263

RESUMO

Background: Smoking is a risk factor for developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the mechanism remains uncertain. We previously demonstrated that smoking lowers the T cell activation threshold by limiting programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) expression. Aim: To investigate how smoking influence the levels of soluble PD-1 ligand (sPD-L1). Method: Serum levels of sPD-L1 were measured in 246 RA patients and in 168 healthy subjects. The analysis was done with respect to inflammation, smoking, treatments, and autoantibody status. The effect of therapeutic TNF-inhibiting antibodies (TNFi) on sPD-L1 was studied in 16 RA patients at their first infliximab infusion. The expression of Fcγ-receptor (FcγR) subclass IIB and IIIA was analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 12 RA patients and 15 healthy controls, and in healthy PBMC exposed to IgG containing antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides (aCCP). Results: The negative association between smoking and sPD-L1 in RA patients was established by multiple logistic regression (OR = 0.52, p = 0.038). Other covariates in the regression model were serum levels of IL-1ß representing inflammation (OR = 1.6, p = 0.0076) and aCCP positivity (OR = 1.9, p = 0.047). First infliximab infusion repressed sPD-L1 (p = 0.023) in patients, and low levels of sPD-L1 were found in patients with early RA treated with TNFi (p = 0.018). Treatment with TNFi was associated with higher sPD-L1 in patients with long disease duration (p = 0.041) and restored levels in smokers. In vitro exposure to aCCP+ IgG suppressed sPD-L1 (p = 0.036), but aCCP+ patients with long disease duration had higher sPD-L1 (p = 0.016). High ratio of the inhibitory FcγR subclass IIB over the stimulatory IIIA resulted in low sPD-L1 release (p = 0.029). Smoking was associated with a higher FcγR IIB/IIIA ratio (p = 0.00062) and lower levels of sPD-L1 (p = 0.013). Conclusion: In RA, serum sPD-L1 was related to systemic inflammation and aCCP positivity. Smoking altered the expression of FcγRs and limited sPD-L1 in RA patients, permitting inappropriate T cell responses. Differential regulation of sPD-L1 during the early and late RA may indicate transposition from acute to chronic inflammation.


Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/sangue , Artrite Reumatoide/etiologia , Antígeno B7-H1/sangue , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Idoso , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Biomarcadores , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Imunomodulação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptores de IgG/genética , Receptores de IgG/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Adulto Jovem
2.
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis ; 1863(9): 2158-2170, 2017 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28583713

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Signalling through insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) is essential for cell survival, but may turn pathogenic in uncontrolled tissue growth in tumours. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the IGF-1R signalling is activated and supports expansion of the inflamed synovia. AIM: In the present study, we assess if disruption of IGF-1R signalling resolves arthritis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical associations of IGF-1R expression in leukocytes of the peripheral blood were studied in 84 RA patients. Consequences of the IGF-1R signalling inhibition for arthritis were studied in mBSA immunised Balb/c mice treated with NT157 compound promoting degradation of insulin receptor substrates. RESULTS: In RA patients, high expression of IGF-1R in leukocytes was associated with systemic inflammation as verified by higher expression of NF-kB, serum levels of IL6 and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and higher pain perception. Additionally, phosphorylated IGF-1R and STAT3 enriched T cells infiltrate in RA synovia. Treatment with NT157 inhibited the phosphorylation of IGF-1R and STAT3 in synovia, and alleviated arthritis and joint damage in mice. It also reduced expression of IGF-1R and despaired ERK and Akt signalling in spleen T cells. This limited IL-6 production, changed RoRgt/FoxP3 balance and IL17 levels. CONCLUSION: IGF-1R signalling contributes to T cell dependent inflammation in arthritis. Inhibition of IGF-1R on the level of insulin receptor substrates alleviates arthritis by restricting IL6-dependent formation of Th17 cells and may open for new treatment strategies in RA.


Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/imunologia , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Membrana Sinovial/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Adulto , Animais , Artrite Reumatoide/metabolismo , Artrite Reumatoide/patologia , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/imunologia , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Membrana Sinovial/metabolismo , Membrana Sinovial/patologia , Células Th17/metabolismo , Células Th17/patologia
3.
J Autoimmun ; 78: 101-110, 2017 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28082047

RESUMO

CD8+ T cells have an emerging role in RA. Resent research indicates a causal relationship between the non-exhausted state of CD8+ T cells, defined by lost function of PD-1, and development of arthritis. We investigated how smoking contributes to the non-exhausted phenotype of CD8+ T cells and cause survivin release to serum. We compared serum survivin levels between smokers and non-smokers in 252 RA and 168 healthy subjects. Nicotine effects on CD8+ T cells were studied in peripheral blood of smoking women, bone marrow of nicotine treated mice and in sorted CD8 spleen cells in vitro using flow cytometry and quantitative PCR. Smoking increased the frequency of survivin release in serum of healthy women (OR 3.64, p = 0.025) and in RA patients (OR 1.98, p = 0.039). CD8+ T cells of smokers gained a non-exhausted PD-1 deficient phenotype. Expression of the cytotoxic marker CD107 correlated to survivin levels in serum. In the experimental setting, nicotine exposure led to an accumulation of non-exhausted PD-1-IL-7R+ CD8+ T cells in the bone marrow that is abundant with survivin producing cells. The production of the cytolytic protein perforin in bone marrow correlated to serum survivin levels. In vitro stimulation of nicotinic receptors on murine CD8+ T cells induced repressive transcription factors T-bet and Blimp-1 in support of the non-exhausted phenotype. We conclude that nicotine contributes to autoimmunity by supporting the non-exhausted state of CD8+ T cells resulting in the release of survivin. This presents a new mechanism by which smoking may contribute to the pathogenesis of RA.


Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/imunologia , Artrite Reumatoide/metabolismo , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose/biossíntese , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Fumar , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Artrite Reumatoide/genética , Biomarcadores , Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose/sangue , Ativação Linfocitária/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nicotina/farmacologia , Fenótipo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/deficiência , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Survivina , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto Jovem
4.
Mediators Inflamm ; 2016: 3082820, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27041823

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Smoking is pathogenic for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) being tightly connected to the genetic and serological risk factors for this disease. This study aims to understand connections between cigarette smoking and serum levels of IGF1 and adipokines in RA. METHODS: Serum levels of IGF1 and adipokines leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin were measured in two independent cohorts of RA patients from Gothenburg (n = 350) and Leiden (n = 193). An association of these parameters with smoking was tested in a direct comparison and proved by bivariate correlation analysis. The obtained associations were further tested in multivariate regression models where the confounders (age, gender, disease duration, and BMI) were controlled. RESULTS: The smokers had significantly lower serum levels of IGF1, adiponectin, and leptin compared to never smokers. In regression analysis, smoking and low leptin, but not adiponectin, were associated and predicted low IGF1. Additionally, high disease activity and high BMI increased the probability of low leptin. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates cigarette smoking as an important cause of a relative IGF1 and leptin deficiency in RA patients. This novel association between smoking and hypoleptinemia may be of importance for long-term prognosis of RA and for prediction of comorbidities.


Assuntos
Adipocinas/sangue , Artrite Reumatoide/sangue , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Adiponectina/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Leptina/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nicotinamida Fosforribosiltransferase/sangue , Resistina/sangue , Fatores de Risco
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