Control rate of hyperthyroidism and its associated factors after prolonged use of anti-thyroid drugs in a hospital setting, Northwest Ethiopia.

Hyperthyroidism is increased synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland resulting in thyrotoxicosis. The modality of therapy for hyperthyroidism includes anti-thyroid drugs, radioiodine and surgery. Anti-thyroid drugs are the only available therapy for hyperthyroid patients in developing world as radioiodine is inaccessible and surgical set up does not exist as required. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and predictors of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism among hyperthyroid patients after prolonged anti-thyroid drug use. An institutional-based cross sectional study was conducted at the University of Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, between April 1, 2022 and October 31, 2022. A consecutive sampling method was used to recruit 317 study subjects. Data were collected through a pre-designed questionnaire. Patients were interviewed to obtain socio-demographic data and relevant medical information. Laboratory analyses were done based on the follow up protocol. Data were entered into EPI Info version 4.6.0.0 (EPI Info, Atlanta) and analyzed in STATA version 14 (Stata Corp LP, Texas, USA). Binary logistic regression model was used to identify variables associated with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism among hyperthyroid patients. P value < .05 was used to declare significant association. A total of 317 patients with hyperthyroidism were included in the study. The median age of the study subjects was 45 years (IQR 36-55 years). Most (95%) of the study participants were females. Toxic multi-nodular goiter was the most common cause of hyperthyroidism (92%), followed by toxic adenoma (5%) and Graves' disease (2%). On multivariate binary logistic regression, large goiter size (AOR: 3.163, 95% CI [1.333-7.506]), severe disease (AOR: 2.275, 95% CI [1.060-4.880]), infrequent iodinated salt intake (AOR: 3.668, 95% CI [1.245-10.802]), and poor adherence to anti-thyroid drug (AOR:15.724, 95% CI [5.542-44.610]) were statistically significant with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism at 12 months of anti-thyroid drug intake. A quarter of patients with hyperthyroidism didn't achieve euthyroid state after 12 months of anti-thyroid drug use. The identified predictors for non-euthyroid state were large goiter size, severe disease, infrequent iodinated salt intake, and poor adherence to anti-thyroid drug.

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding as a complication of enteric fever: A case report.

Enteric fever is a systemic bacterial infection caused by enteroinvasive, gram-negative bacilli, named Salmonella enterica serovar typhi and Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi. It presents with hectic fever, headache, malaise, bowel habit changes, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis is usually confirmed by blood culture. Gastrointestinal complications of enteric fever include intestinal bleeding, bowel perforation, pancreatitis, and cholecystitis. We encountered a case of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (hematochezia) as a complication of enteric fever. A 35-year-old male patient presented to Aster CMI hospital, India, with an intermittent fever of 2-week duration associated with dry cough, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and generalized body weakness. Four days after admission, he experienced three episodes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Upon physical examination, he was hemodynamically stable and had a high-grade fever, mild hepatomegaly, tipped splenomegaly, and lower abdominal tenderness. Blood culture grew Salmonella typhi. Abdominal ultrasound showed ileocolonic thickening with enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. Abdominal computed tomography scan displayed enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes with surrounding fat strands. A colonoscopy revealed multiple shallow, punched-out, and punctate ileocolonic ulcerative lesions, with stigmata of active bleeding at caecal ulcers. Colonoscopy-guided biopsy suggested multifocal active colitis favoring infective etiology. Diagnosis of blood culture-confirmed enteric ulcer was made. He was treated with ceftriaxone 1 g iv twice daily for 10 days and rehydrated with intravenous fluids. Adrenaline injection was done at the site of bleeding ulcers, and hemostasis was secured. Other additional medications were antipyretics, anti-emetics, multivitamins, and proton pump inhibitors. He was fever-free on the third day of admission and discharged after 10 days of hospital stay. He was appointed to follow-up clinic after a week. He was completely healthy on the day of the first follow-up clinic visit and planned to resume his duties. Enteric fever remains a common public health problem in most developing countries. Early suspicion and prompt institution of appropriate antibiotics are crucial in the reduction of systemic and local complications of enteric fever. Since gastrointestinal complications of enteric fever are less often encountered in the antibiotic era, clinicians should be cognizant of an enteric ulcer as a cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

Diagnosis of Thyroid Neoplasm-Associated Dermatomyositis in Ethiopian Woman.

Background: Dermatomyositis is an inflammatory myopathies causing proximal muscle weakness accompanied by muscular inflammation and skin rash. Dermatomyositis patients have a higher incidence of malignancy as compared to the general population. Case Report: A 52-year-old known female patient with a toxic multi-nodular goiter presented with insidious onset of itchy erythematous rash on her neck and bilateral hands and progressive muscle weakness of 4 months' duration. Associated with this, she had photosensitivity, and periorbital edema of 2 months' duration. On physical examination, she had an anterior neck mass, proximal muscle weakness, periorbital edema, and violaceous skin rash on her bilateral arms, shoulders and neck. Thyroid function tests were normal, creatinine kinase was elevated, and muscle biopsy revealed inflammatory myositis. Ultrasound of the anterior neck mass and analysis of fine needle aspiration suggested thyroid cancer. Conclusion: A high index of clinical suspicion is usually required for early diagnosis of dermatomyositis in resource-limited settings in order to prevent adverse outcomes and identify associated malignancies.

Tuberous sclerosis complex: A clinical diagnosis in Ethiopian patients.

RATIONALE: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by the development of nonmalignant tissue growths (hamartomas) in various organ systems, often located in the brain, skin, heart, lung and kidneys. The delayed diagnosis could be attributed to low expectation or exposure of physicians to this rare disease. High index of clinical suspicion is required for early diagnosis of rare diseases to prevent adverse outcomes. PATIENT CONCERNS: The first patient, a 27-year-old man, presented with intermittent left flank pain and hematuria of 5 months duration. On examination of the skin and oral cavity, he had fibrous cephalic plaque, facial angiofibromas, ungual fibromas, confetti skin lesions, and intraoral fibromas. A CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and brain displayed cystic lung parenchymal changes and multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia, angiomyolipomas in both kidneys, and multiple calcified subependymal nodules (SEN), respectively. The second patient, a 28-year-old woman, presented with a seizure disorder in the last 1 year, and papular and nodular lesions over her face since childhood. On examination of the skin and oral cavity, she had hypomelanotic macules, facial angiofibromas, shagreen patches, ungual fibromas, intraoral fibromas, and dental enamel pits. DIAGNOSES: Definitive diagnosis of TSC was made in both patients using the "2012 tuberous sclerosis complex diagnostic criteria consensus statement." INTERVENTIONS: The first patient was seen by various medical discipline teams, and suggested close follow-up in the "chronic illness clinic" of the hospital. The second patient was scheduled in dermatology clinic for electrocautery for disfiguring facial nodules. OUTCOME: Both patients were scheduled for close follow-up in the hospital. LESSONS: The patients described had TSC using "clinical diagnostic criteria." Under the clinical diagnostic criteria of TSC, 4 of 11 major criteria and 3 of 7 minor criteria are skin features. Hence, awareness on skin features as clinical markers to suspect TSC should be emphasized in resource-limited countries.

A 78-year-old man diagnosed with single atrium as congenital heart disease.

Single atrium is a rare congenital heart disease characterized by complete absence of the interatrial septum. It occurs as an isolated cardiac defect, or as a part of skeletal, muscular, ophthalmologic, and vascular malformations to signify congenital syndromes. A 78-year-old male patient presented with generalized body swelling of 2 weeks duration. He had associated shortness of breath, orthopnea, productive cough, and palpitation. Upon physical examination, blood pressure = 150/75 mmHg, pulse rate = 50 bpm, respiratory rate = 24 bpm, and T° = 36.7 °C. He had signs of pleural effusion on left lung field. Cardiovascular examination revealed mean heart rate of 50 beats/min with irregularly irregular pulse rhythm, raised jugular venous pressure, and pansystolic murmur at left lower sternal border. He had tender hepatomegaly, ascites, and pitting leg edema. Chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly, prominent pulmonary trunks, and left-sided pleural effusion. Electrocardiography revealed atrial fibrillation, bifascicular block (right bundle branch block and left anterior fascicular block) with mean heart rate of 50 beats/min. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography showed complete absence of interatrial septum (single atrium) without atrioventricular defect and interventricular communication. Diagnosis of heart failure secondary to congenital heart disease (single atrium) with atrial fibrillation and bifascicular block was made based on clinical and imaging evaluation. Well-tolerated symptoms of a single atrium until late adulthood could be explained by the presence of streaming or incomplete mixing of blood within the atrium, in which the more oxygenated blood is directed to the systemic circuit.

Undernutrition was a prevalent clinical problem among older adult patients with heart failure in a hospital setting in Northwest Ethiopia.

Background: Undernutrition is a frequently noticed medical problem in patients with heart failure. It is caused by poor nutrient intake, malabsorption, systemic inflammation, neurohumoral activation, oxidative stress, and hypermetabolic state. Undernutrition results in a decrease in the quality of life and the survival rate in patients with heart failure. There is a paucity of documentation on undernutrition among patients with heart failure in sub-Saharan African countries. The study aimed to determine the magnitude and associated factors of undernutrition among older adult patients with heart failure in the hospital setting in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, between 1 June 2021 and 31 October 2021. A consecutive sampling method was used to recruit 262 study subjects. A Mini-nutritional assessment-full form (MNA-FL) Questionnaire was used to extract nutritional information among patients with heart failure. Patients with heart failure, who scored MNA-FL score <17, were declared to have undernutrition. The data were entered into EPI Info version 4.6.0.0 and then exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. Explanatory variables associated with undernutrition in patients with heart failure were analyzed by applying a logistic regression model. A P-value of <0.05 was used to declare a significant association. Results: A total of 262 patients with heart failure were included in the study. The mean age (± SD) of the study subjects was 64.6 (± 9.2) years. Hypertensive heart disease (111/262, 42%) was the most common cause of heart failure. Hypertension was the frequently observed comorbid disease. Based on the MNA-FL score for nutritional status, 75 out of 262 (28.6%, 95% CI: 22.9-34.4%) were undernourished (MNA-FL < 17), while 124 out of 262 (47.3%, CI: 41.5-53.1%) were at risk of undernutrition (MNA-FL = 17-23.5). The remaining 63 out of 262 (24.1%, 95% CI: 18.2-29.8%) study subjects were well nourished (MNA-FL > 24). On a multivariate analysis, patients with severe heart failure (New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III/IV) (AOR = 4.287, CI: 2.012-9.134, P-value < 0.001), with a duration of illness of 3-5 years (AOR = 3.225, CI: 1.138-9.137, P-value = 0.028), with a duration of illness of >5 years (AOR = 4.349, CI: 1.592-11.879, P-value = 0.001), presence of comorbidities (AOR = 2.29, CI: 1.06-4.96, P-value = 0.036), who underwent treatment with loop diuretics (AOR = 2.983, CI: 1.407-6.326, P-value = 0.040), and who reside in a rural area (AOR = 5.119, CI: 2.481-10.560, P-value < 0.001) were at risk of developing undernutrition. Conclusion: Undernutrition was a significant clinical problem in older patients with heart failure. Nutritional interventions should be prioritized for patients with chronic and severe heart failure.

Factors associated with stroke associated pneumonia among adult stroke patients admitted to university of Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.

Stroke is the major cause of disability and death in sub-Saharan African countries. The presence and severity of complications play a major role in the outcome of stroke. Stroke associated pneumonia is often noticed post stroke infection that has been linked to an increased risk of hospital mortality, a longer hospital stay and higher healthcare expenses. Report on details of stroke-associated pneumonia has never been documented in countries of sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors of stroke-associated pneumonia among adult stroke patients in hospital settings, Northwest Ethiopia. The study was undertaken at a stroke care unit, University of Gondar hospital between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit study subjects. Relevant clinical history was taken, focused physical examination was done, and brain imaging (CT scan or MRI) was performed to settle the diagnosis of stroke. A modified Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria was used to diagnose stroke-associated pneumonia. All patients with stroke-associated pneumonia were treated according to the 2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guidelines. The Data were cleaned in Epi Info version 4.6.0.2, and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Variables associated with stroke-associated pneumonia were computed using logistic regression analysis. P value < 0.05 was considered to declare statistical significance. The study comprised a total of 325 adult stroke patients. The mean age of study subjects was 65.2 years (SD ± 15.7). The most prevalent type of stroke was ischemic stroke, which accounted for 68% of all cases. Hemiparesis (94%), facial palsy (87%), and swallowing disturbance (51%) were the frequently noticed neurological findings. Stroke-associated pneumonia complicated 116/325 (36%) of stroke patients. Multi-variate regression analysis revealed that patients who were elderly (age > 75 years) (AOR = 3.910, CI 1.181-12.936, P = 0.026), had swallowing disturbance (AOR = 4.656, CI 2.356-9.202, P-value < 0.001), epileptic seizures (AOR = 2.678, 95% CI 1.253-5.721, P-value < 0.001) and moderate to severe stroke (NIHSS score = 16-21) (AOR = 5.994, 95% CI 2.043-17.585, P-value < 0.001) were at risk of developing stroke-associated pneumonia. SAP was a substantial medical complication among stroke patients. Early identification and prompt intervention measures for the identified risk factors might address the burden of SAP.

Seizure control and its associated factors among epileptic patients at Neurology Clinic, University of Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.

Background: Epilepsy is characterized by two or more unprovoked recurrent seizures, which often respond to available antiseizure medications. However, seizure control among epileptic patients in the developing world is low. Factors determining seizure control among epileptic patients were not evidently explored in the study setting. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the magnitude of uncontrolled seizures and associated factors among epileptic patients at the University of Gondar hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit study subjects. Controlled seizure was defined as seizure freedom for the past 1 year. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with seizure control. A p-value < 0.05 was used to declare a significant association. Results: A total of 320 study subjects were included in the study. The mean (±SD) age of patients was 27.5 ± 7.6 years. More than half (182/320, 57%) of epileptic patients had uncontrolled seizures. Five or more pretreatment seizure episodes (adjusted odds ratio = 3.98, 95% confidence interval: 1.81-8.75, p = 0.001), less than 2 years on anti-seizure medications (adjusted odds ratio = 8.64, 95% confidence interval: 3.27-22.85, p < 0.001), taking 2 or more ASMs (adjusted odds ratio = 2.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.23-5.02, p = 0.011), poor adherence to ASMs (adjusted odds ratio = 9.37, 95% confidence interval: 4.04-21.75, p < 0.001), and living at a single trip distance from hospital equaled 1 h or more (adjusted odds ratio = 4.20, 95% confidence interval: 2.11-8.41, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with uncontrolled seizures. Conclusion: The dose of a preferred anti-seizure medication should be optimized before combinations of anti-seizure medications are used. Adherence to anti-seizure medications should be reinforced for better seizure control. Epilepsy care should be integrated into primary health care services in the catchment region.

Peptic ulcer disease among dyspeptic patients at endoscopy unit, University of Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Dyspepsia is a common complaint in upper gastrointestinal disorders. It is described as predominant epigastric pain lasting for at least one month. Globally, peptic ulcer disease occurs in 3.5-32% of patients with dyspepsia. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/aspirin use are the widely known risk factors for peptic ulcer disease. There was no recent document on H. pylori infection rate among patients with peptic ulcer disease in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine magnitude and associated factors of peptic ulcer disease among dyspeptic patients in Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: An institutional-based cross sectional study was conducted at the University of Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit 218 study subjects. A pre-designed semi-structured questionnaire was used to extract clinical information. Olympus flexible fiber-optic endoscope (Olympus, GIF-E 600, Olympus Corp., Hamburg, Germany) was used to confirm the presence of peptic ulcer disease. Diagnosis of active H. pylori infection was made using the fecal H. pylori Antigen 25 T Card Test (Anamol Lab., Pvt. Ltd., Palghar, India). The Data were entered into EPI Info version 4.6.0.2, and then exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Explanatory variables associated with peptic ulcer disease were analyzed by applying logistic regression model. P value < 0.05 was used to declare significant association. RESULT: A total of 218 dyspeptic patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopic evaluations were included in the study. The mean (+ SD) age of patients was 42 ± 16.4 years. Forty nine percent (95% CI 42.4-56.2) of dyspeptic patients had active H. pylori infection. Peptic ulcer disease was diagnosed in 35% (95% CI 31.4-39.2) of patients with dyspepsia. H. pylori infection (AOR = 6.298, 95% CI 2.965-13.378, P value <  0.001) and NSAIDs/ASA use (AOR = 6.252, 95% CI 2.925-13.362, P value < 0.001) were identified as risk factors for peptic ulcer disease. CONCLUSION: Medical treatment of peptic ulcer disease should target treatment of H. pylori infection and cautious use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/aspirin.

Evaluation of Anticoagulation Control among Patients Taking Warfarin in University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.

INTRODUCTION: Warfarin is a widely used oral anticoagulant in clinical practice. It has variable intraindividual and interindividual dose response and a narrow therapeutic index. Therefore, it requires frequent and regular international normalized ratio (INR) determination to maintain the INR within the therapeutic range. The study evaluated parameters of anticoagulation control among patients on warfarin. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at University of Gondar hospital. A consecutive sampling method was used to recruit study subjects. The anticoagulation control was evaluated by determining the proportion of desired INRs and the proportion of time spent in the therapeutic range (TTR). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated factors with adequate TTR. A P value <0.05 was used to declare significant association. RESULT: A total of 338 study subjects were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 48.8 (SD = 16.4) years. Atrial fibrillation was the commonest indication for warfarin therapy. One-third (33%) of study subjects achieved the desired INRs of 2.0-3.0, while about one-tenth (13%) of patients attained good INR control (TTR ≥ 65%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed no significant association of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with good TTR outcome. CONCLUSION: The level of anticoagulation control with warfarin among study subjects was very low. The authors recommend to implement a validated warfarin-dose titration protocol and to establish anticoagulation clinics to mitigate the low anticoagulation level.

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is an autoimmune, astrocytopathic CNS disease, mainly involving the optic nerves, spinal cord, and brain stem regions. The "International Panel for NMOSD Diagnosis (IPND) Diagnostic Criteria" was implemented to define the disorder. CASE PRESENTATION: A 38-year-old patient presented with visual loss of eight months' duration and weakness of the lower extremities of one week's duration. The patient had bilateral optic atrophy on fundoscopic examination, and flaccid paraplegia with sensory loss below T4 level. Serological tests for syphilis, HIV infection, and SLE were negative. Aquaporin-4 antibody test was not done due to limited clinical setup. T2-spine MRI revealed long central thoracic segment (T3 to T6) hyperintense lesion with mild cord expansion. Long segment central canal dilation (syrinx) was noted in the cord proximal to the lesion. Diagnosis of opticospinal variant, NMOSD was made using IPND diagnostic criteria. The patient was started on dexamethasone 50 mg, IV, four times daily (QID) for one week, and changed to prednisolone 1 mg/kg (40 mg) PO daily for one month, to be tapered over three-to-six months. The patient was scheduled to initiate azathioprine 50 mg PO twice daily. CONCLUSION: The case emphasizes the existence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in clinical settings of the developing world. High index of suspicion of this rare disease is required to avoid delayed diagnosis and treatment.

Hyperglycemia After Dolutegravir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapies prolong life expectancy and improve the quality of life of HIV-infected patients. Despite the documented benefits of antiretroviral drugs, its use is not without side effects. Here, we report cases of new onset diabetes mellitus after taking a dolutegravir (DTG)-based ART regimen. CASE PRESENTATION: HIV-infected patients who had been on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based ART regimens for more than a decade were shifted to integrase strand transfer inhibitors (dolutegravir)-based ART regimen as recommended by the National Comprehensive HIV Care Guideline. They were diagnosed to have diabetes mellitus with or without diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) as evidenced by polyuria, polydipsia and fatigue, severe hyperglycemia (plasma glucose level >250 mg/dl) with or without ketonuria (3+) after 1-12 months of DTG-based ART regimen. Two of the patients who presented with DKA were treated with intravenous fluids and regular insulin. NPH insulin was started following recovery from DKA, which later shifted to metformin. One of the patients who presented with severe hyperglycemia without DKA was started with NPH insulin, which later shifted to metformin. Good glycemic control was obtained with metformin, while the DTG-based ART regimen was continued. CONCLUSION: Hyperglycemia is a potential and noticed side effect of the DTG-based ART regimen. Baseline and periodic monitoring of plasma glucose might be required in ART regimens containing dolutegravir.

Incidence of peripheral intravenous catheter phlebitis and its associated factors among patients admitted to University of Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a prospective, observational study.

BACKGROUND: Phlebitis, inflammation of tunica intima of venous wall, occurred in 13-56% of hospitalized patients. It is characterized by pain, erythema, swelling, palpable venous cord, and pussy discharge at catheter site. Cannula-related blood stream infection (CRBSI) is recognized complication of phlebitis. Adverse outcomes of phlebitis embrace patient discomfort, longer hospital stay and higher health care cost. This study aimed to determine the incidence and associated factors of peripheral vein phlebitis among hospitalized patients. METHODS: A hospital-based prospective, observational study was conducted between April 1 and August 31, 2020 at University of Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A consecutive sampling method was used to recruit 384 patients. Patients were interviewed to obtain socio-demographic data. Relevant medical history and laboratory parameters were obtained from patients' records. Presence and severity of phlebitis was identified by Jackson's Visual Infusion Phlebitis (VIP) Scoring System. The Data were entered into EPI Info version 4.4.1 and transported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated factors with occurrence of phlebitis. P-value < 0.05 was used to declare significant association. RESULT: A total of 384 study subjects were included in the study. The mean age of study subjects was 46 years, with a range of 19 to 96 years. The incidence of phlebitis was 70% among study subjects. Mid-stage (grade 3) and advanced-stage (grade 4) phlebitis were noticed in 136/268 (51%) and 89/268 (33%) respectively. Odds of developing phlebitis were twofold higher in patients with catheter-in situ > 96 h (AOR = 2.261, 95% CI 1.087-4.702, P-value = 0.029) as compared to those with catheter dwell time < 72 h. Female patients were 70% (AOR = 0.293, 95% CI 0.031-0.626, P-value = 0.002) lower than male patients with risk of developing phlebitis. Patients who use infusates were 53% (AOR = 0.472, 95% CI 0.280-0.796, P-value = 0.005) less likely to develop phlebitis as compared to those who didn't use infusates. CONCLUSION: The cannula must be reviewed on daily basis, and it should be removed if it stayed later than 96 h.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Medical ICU, University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a neurologic syndrome characterized by paroxysmal and simultaneous occurrence of hypertension, hyperpyrexia, tachycardia, tachypnea, diaphoresis and dystonic posturing due to surge in sympathetic outflow after acquired brain injuries. Diagnosis of PSH is made using the paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity-assessment measure (PSH-AM) score, which comprises "clinical features severity" (CFS) score and "diagnosis likelihood tool" (DLT) score. CASE PRESENTATION: A 35-year-old woman diagnosed to have echo-proven chronic rheumatic heart disease for 25 years. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy was done 6 weeks previously for severe mitral stenosis. Left atrial thrombus was detected after the procedure and anticoagulant (warfarin) was initiated. She presented with severe headache and repeated vomiting of 1 day duration on arrival to the hospital. She had frequent seizure attacks with subsequent loss of consciousness on third day of admission. Diagnosis of status epilepticus secondary to intracranial hemorrhage due to warfarin toxicity was made after CT-scan revealed acute subdural hematoma and ventricular bleeding. Then she was transferred to medical intensive care unit (ICU), intubated and put on mechanical ventilator. Anti-epileptic drugs, antibiotics, vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma were given. She developed paroxysms of hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperpyrexia, diaphoresis and decerebrate posturing after 7 days of neurological insult. She had normal inter-ictal EEG tracing during cyclic autonomic surge. CFS score was 11 and DLT score was 10. In sum, PSH-AM score was 21, suggested "probable" diagnosis of PSH. Morphine, diazepam, propranolol and gabapentin were given in combination to treat PSH. Severity of autonomic storm started to improve on second week of ICU admission. On the third week of admission, her clinical condition deteriorated suddenly, she developed asystole and died of cardiac arrest despite cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). CONCLUSION: 'Clinical scoring' was used used to diagnose PSH, since there was no any confirmatory test. Cocktail of drugs were required to treat catecholamine surge in PSH.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Delayed Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Among People Living with HIV in Nekemte Referral Hospital, Western Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Ethiopia has adopted the "Universal Test and Treat" strategy to its national policy in 2016 to put all people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) regardless of their World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stage or CD4 cell count level. A significant percentage of PLHIV start therapy has been delayed despite the availability of ART, which results in poor treatment outcomes including HIV-related morbidity and mortality, and continued HIV transmission. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the magnitude and associated factors of delayed ART initiation among PLHIV at ART Clinic, Nekemte Referral hospital, Western Ethiopia between January 1, 2020 and March 31, 2020 for the time period of January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2019. A consecutive sampling method was used to recruit 417 study subjects. The collected data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and exported to STATA version 14 for statistical analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated factors with delayed ART initiation among PLHIV. P-values<0.05 were used to declare significant association. RESULTS: A total of 417 PLHIV were included in the study. The mean age of study subjects was 33.49 (SD±9.81) years. The majority of participants attended formal education (77%) and were urban dwellers (82%). One-third (34%) of them initiated ART delayed, beyond 7 days of confirmed HIV diagnosis. Subjects with normal nutritional status (BMI=18.5-24.9kg/m2) (AOR=3.12, 95% CI=1.29-7.57; P=0.012), CD4 count ≥351cells/mm3 (AOR=2.89, 95% CI=1.27-6.58; P=0.011), tuberculosis (TBC) co-infection (AOR=2.76, 95% CI=1.13-6.70; P=0.025), use of traditional treatment (AOR=4.03, 95% CI=2.03-8.00; P<0.001) and did not know other ART user(s) (AOR=2.86, 95% CI=1.52-5.37; P=0.001) were significantly associated with delayed ART initiation. CONCLUSION: Early HIV testing mechanisms and timely linkage to HIV care by advocating "Test-and-Treat" should be strengthened.

Predictors of mortality among multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in central Ethiopia: a retrospective follow-up study.

The burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) related to mortality in resource-poor countries remains high. This study aimed to estimate the incidence and predictors of death among MDR-TB patients in central Ethiopia. A retrospective follow-up study was conducted at three hospitals in the Amhara region on 451 patients receiving treatment for MDR-TB from September 2010 to January 2017. Data were collected from patient registration books, charts and computer databases. Data were fitted to a parametric frailty model and survival was expressed as an adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The median follow-up time of participants was 20 months (interquartile range: 12, 22) and 46 (10.20%) of patients died during this period. The incidence rate of mortality was 7.42 (95% CI 5.56-9.91)/100 person-years. Older age (AHR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.08), inability to self-care (AHR = 13.71, 95% CI 5.46-34.40), co-morbidity (AHR = 5.74, 95% CI 2.19-15.08), low body mass index (AHR = 4.13, 95% CI 1.02-16.64), acute lung complications (AHR = 4.22, 95% CI 1.66-10.70) and lung consolidation at baseline (AHR = 5.27, 95% CI 1.06-26.18) were independent predictors of mortality. Most of the identified predictor factors of death in this study were considered to be avoidable if the TB programme had provided nutritional support for malnourished patients and ensured a close follow-up of the elderly, and patients with co-morbidities.

Appropriate use of anti-thrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation at single-center experience, Northwest Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the commonest clinically significant ECG-evidenced sustained cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice. Disability and mortality attributed to AF is high in low-income regions like sub-Saharan Africa. The risk of stroke/TIA in patients with AF can be significantly reduced with anti-thrombotic therapy. Despite the existing evidence of its benefit, significant percentages of AF patients eligible for anti-thrombotic therapy are undertreated in the region. METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the appropriate use of anti-thrombotic therapy in patients with AF between December 1, 2018 and September 30, 2019 at Cardiac Clinic, University of Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Consecutive sampling method was used to recruit 210 study subjects. Patients were interviewed to obtain socio-demographic data. Relevant medical history and laboratory parameters were obtained from patients' records. Diagnosis of atrial fibrillation was based on detection of irregular arterial pulse and presence of 'f' waves on 12-lead ECG tracing. Clinical evaluation, echocardiography, chest X-ray and blood chemistry were used to diagnose underlying causes of AF. Data was entered into EPI Info version 4.4.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Bi-variate and multi-variate logistic regression analyses were used to identify associated factors with appropriate use of anti-thrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. P-values < 0.05 were used to declare significant association. RESULTS: A total of 210 patients were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 51.29 ± 17.2 years. Two-thirds (145/210) of participants were females. Seventy-four (35%) had valvular AF, while 136/210 (65%) had non-valvular AF. Sixty-six percent (139/210) of study subjects were appropriately treated with anti-thrombotic therapy. Appropriately treated subjects in valvular AF group and non-valvular AF group were 58/74 (78%) and 81/136 (60%) respectively. On multi-variate analysis, 'can afford for regular INR monitoring' (AOR = 2.60 95% CI: 1.10-6.10, P = 0.001) was significantly associated with appropriate use of anti-thrombotic therapy. CONCLUSION: Sixty-six percent of AF patients eligible for anti-thrombotic therapy were appropriately treated. Intervention program to access 'regular INR monitoring' should be practiced to escalate utilization rate of anti-thrombotic therapy (warfarin) in eligible AF patients.

Wilson's Disease: Diagnosis of Wilson's Disease in Ethiopian Young Sisters.

BACKGROUND: Wilson's disease is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism. Clinical signs, biochemical parameters, histologic findings, and/or ATP7B genetic testing are required to diagnose Wilson's disease. Case Presentation. 25-year-old and 22-year-old young women (siblings) presented to the University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, with difficulty of keeping balance of 3-year duration and progressive extremity weakness of 5-year duration, respectively. Both siblings had visible ocular Kayser-Fleischer rings, low serum ceruloplasmin level and increased urinary copper content, ultrasound-evidenced cirrhotic liver disease, and axial T2-weighted MRI hyperintensities in basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem (midbrain and pons). Diagnosis of Wilson's disease was established in both patients using a diagnostic scoring system proposed by "8th International Meeting on Wilson Disease and Menkes Disease, Leipzig (2001)." Treatment with D-penicillamine as a chelator and zinc sulphate as a metalothionein-inductor was started. Screening of their family members was recommended. CONCLUSION: Wilson's disease, declared to be an orphan disease, requires clinical acumen of physicians and expensive investigation modalities for prompt recognition and is inaccessible as required, lifelong drugs for treatment.

Prevalence Of Anemia And Its Associated Factors Among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients At University Of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A Hospital-Based Cross Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem associated with progressive decline in kidney function and adverse cardiovascular outcome. Anemia of CKD has substantial adverse outcomes in CKD patients. There is paucity of published data on prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among CKD patients in Northwest Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among CKD patients at the University of Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 1, to September 30, 2018. Consecutive sampling was used to recruit 251 study subjects. Patients were interviewed to obtain demographic data, and the patients' medical records were reviewed to obtain information on relevant medical history and laboratory parameters. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify independently associated factors of anemia among CKD patients. P-value <0.05 was used to declare association. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of anemia in CKD patients was high (64.5%), and the magnitude worsened as kidney function declined. Hypertension (45%), chronic glomerulonephritis (24%) and diabetes (20%) were common causes of CKD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed rural residence (AOR= 2.75, 95%CI: 1.34-5.65, P=0.006), BMI <18.5 kg/m2 (AOR=6.78, 95%CI: 1.32-34.73, P=0.022) and BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 (AOR=5.04, 95%CI: 1.26-20.10, P=0.022), and having hemodialysis history (AOR=3.59, 95%CI: 1.24-10.38, P=0.018) were independently associated with anemia among CKD patients. CONCLUSION: Periodic screening and intervention programs for anemia of CKD should be practiced to change the existing situation in the setting.

Kartagener's syndrome: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Kartagener's syndrome is a subset of primary ciliary dyskinesia, an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by the clinical triad of chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and situs inversus. Abnormal ciliary structure or function leading to impaired ciliary motility is the main pathophysiologic problem in Kartagener's syndrome. CASE PRESENTATION: A 24-year-old man from Gondar town, North-West Ethiopia, presented to University of Gondar Hospital with recurrent episodes of nasal congestion with itching and paranasal discomfort, and productive cough for more than a decade. Clinical and imaging findings revealed chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, dextrocardia, and situs inversus. He was treated with orally administered antibiotics, mucolytic, and chest physiotherapy. He was symptomatically better with the above therapy, and started on a long-term low-dose prophylactic antibiotic. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Kartagener's syndrome exist in Ethiopia as cases of chronic recurrent sinopulmonary infections. As there is no easy, reliable non-invasive diagnostic test for Kartagener's syndrome and the correct diagnosis is often delayed by years, it may cause chronic respiratory problems with reduced quality of life. Genetic counseling and fertility issues should be addressed once Kartagener's syndrome is diagnosed.