Preservative contact allergy in occupational dermatitis: a machine learning analysis.

Occupational dermatoses impose a significant socioeconomic burden. Allergic contact dermatitis related to occupation is prevalent among healthcare workers, cleaning service personnel, individuals in the beauty industry and industrial workers. Among risk factors, the exposure to preservatives is frequent, since they are extensively added in products for occupational use. The goal of this study is to investigate the contact allergy patterns in order to understand the linkage among hypersensitivity to preservatives, occupational profiles, patients' clinical and demographic characteristics. Patch test results were collected from monosensitized patients to Formaldehyde 2%, KATHON 0.02%, thimerosal 0.1%, and MDBGN 0.5%; information was also collected for an extended MOAHLFA (Male-Occupational-Atopic-Hand-Leg-Face-Age) index. To assess the relationship between allergen group and occupational-related ACD, the chi-square test for independence was utilized. To uncover underlying relationships in the data, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and categorical principal components analysis (CATPCA), which are machine learning approaches, were applied. Significant relationships were found between allergen group and: occupation class, atopy, hand, leg, facial, trunk, neck, head dermatitis, clinical characteristics, ICDRG 48 h and ICDRG 72 h clinical evaluation. MCA and CATPCA findings revealed a link among allergen group, occupation class, patients' demographic and clinical characteristics, the MOAHLFA index, and the ICDRG scores. Significant relationships were identified between the allergen group and various manifestations of dermatitis. The utilization of machine learning techniques facilitated the discernment of meaningful patterns in the data.

Type I Diabetes Mellitus Suppresses Experimental Skin Carcinogenesis.

This study explores the previously uncharted territory of the effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on diabetic skin, compared to its well-documented impact on normal skin, particularly focusing on carcinogenesis and aging. Employing hairless SKH-hr2, Type 1 and 2 diabetic, and nondiabetic male mice, the research subjected these to UV radiation thrice weekly for eight months. The investigation included comprehensive assessments of photoaging and photocarcinogenesis in diabetic versus normal skin, measuring factors such as hydration, trans-epidermal water loss, elasticity, skin thickness, melanin, sebum content, stratum corneum exfoliation and body weight, alongside photo documentation. Additionally, oxidative stress and the presence of hydrophilic antioxidants (uric acid and glutathione) in the stratum corneum were evaluated. Histopathological examination post-sacrifice provided insights into the morphological changes. Findings reveal that under UV exposure, Type 1 diabetic skin showed heightened dehydration, thinning, and signs of accelerated aging. Remarkably, Type 1 diabetic mice did not develop squamous cell carcinoma or pigmented nevi, contrary to normal and Type 2 diabetic skin. This unexpected resistance to UV-induced skin cancers in Type 1 diabetic skin prompts a crucial need for further research to uncover the underlying mechanisms providing this resistance.

Contact allergy caused by acrylates in nail cosmetics: A pilot study from Greece.

BACKGROUND: The growing popularity of nail techniques based on acrylates has led to a higher frequency of sensitization in both nail technicians and users. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to assess cases of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by acrylates in individuals with occupational or non-occupational exposure to nail techniques. METHODS: A preliminary study was conducted on 30 patients with ACD caused by acrylates in nail techniques, who were patch tested from September 2022 to March 2023 at the First Department of Dermatology and Venereology of Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece. RESULTS: Thirty female patients with ACD to acrylates were documented (15 users and 15 nail technicians and users). The most common allergens were: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), which tested positive in all 30 patients (100.0%). Twenty patients (66.7%) had been exposed to dental procedures involving acrylates, before the onset of ACD. Nail technicians exhibited extensive skin lesions, 40.0% experienced ACD within the first year of work and 13.3% during their professional practice. Three of them (20.0%) had to discontinue their work. CONCLUSION: Acrylates have been identified as potent allergens, necessitating the implementation of safety measures for the use of these chemicals in nail techniques.

Adverse Events Associated with Hyaluronic Acid Filler Injection for Non-surgical Facial Aesthetics: A Systematic Review of High Level of Evidence Studies.

BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers are widely used in aesthetic medicine. While generally safe, potential complications can arise. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to identify and classify potential complications linked to the use of HA dermal fillers, as informed by high-quality, low-risk-of-bias studies. METHODS: This review follows the Cochrane review standards for clinical systematic reviews. This systematic review analyzed 48 high level of evidence studies on the use of hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers in non-surgical facial aesthetics and the adverse events that occurred.The inclusion criteria were randomized control studies on HA dermal fillers and their complications. Excluded were case reports, case series, observational studies, and other non-randomized research due to their inability to provide generalized conclusions and their inherent publication bias. RESULTS: Adverse events were classified into three categories: expected reactions, product or technique-related adverse events, and severe adverse events. Most adverse events were short-lived injection site reactions, which resolved spontaneously. Specific HA fillers and injection techniques influenced the occurrence of adverse events, which generally resolved within weeks without treatment. Severe adverse events were rare, persisting for months and requiring active medical intervention. DISCUSSION: This classification system can enhance understanding, prevention, and treatment of HA filler complications, and support patient education. The common complications were injection site reactions, with persistent symptoms treated with topical steroids, NSAIDs, or hyaluronidase. Severe complications included severe edema, angioedema and others, often necessitating specific treatments. CONCLUSION: HA dermal fillers are generally safe and effective, with most adverse events being transient and mild to moderate in severity. Severe adverse events, although rare, do occur and are generally non-treatment related. Informed consent, patient education, and professional training are crucial for safe and successful outcomes. Level of Evidence II This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Octenidine Versus Dispase Gels for Wound Healing After Cryosurgery Treatment in Patients with Basal Cell Carcinoma.

For a specific group of patients with basal cell carcinoma (small, low risk), cryosurgery could be the suggested treatment, which results in the formation of an ulcer in the lesion area. The proteolytic enzymes' contribution to the wound healing is an ongoing research goal. Preclinical animal experiments in the Laboratory of the Pharmaceutical Technology Department of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens have showed that a dose of 5 U/mL of dispase gel after the formation of tissue rashes, significantly promoted wound healing. Herein, a feasibility study in 16 patients enrolled by the First Department of Dermatology of Andreas Syggros Hospital was designed: 5 U/mL of dispase gel (once every 3 days) versus a drug reference containing octenidine (daily administration). The evaluation of the healing effect, safety, and tolerance was done on days 1 (cryosurgery), 2, 7, 21, and 60. The study end point was considered either the ulcer complete healing or the eighth week since treatment initiation. Wound healing was faster with dispase gel and hemoglobin reduced rapidly after the seventh day. Yet, hydration was higher in the control group. Our non-parametric analysis provides evidence that the dispase gel shows faster healing compared to the reference drug, in humans, meriting further investigation in larger human sample sizes before massive production of the product.

Detecting Skin Reactions in Epicutaneous Patch Testing with Deep Learning: An Evaluation of Pre-Processing and Modality Performance.

Epicutaneous patch testing is a well-established diagnostic method for identifying substances that may cause Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD), a common skin condition caused by exposure to environmental allergens. While the patch test remains the gold standard for identifying allergens, it is prone to observer bias and consumes valuable human resources. Deep learning models can be employed to address this challenge. In this study, we collected a dataset of 1579 multi-modal skin images from 200 patients using the Antera 3D® camera. We then investigated the feasibility of using a deep learning classifier for automating the identification of the allergens causing ACD. We propose a deep learning approach that utilizes a context-retaining pre-processing technique to improve the accuracy of the classifier. In addition, we find promise in the combination of the color image and false-color map of hemoglobin concentration to improve diagnostic accuracy. Our results showed that this approach can potentially achieve more than 86% recall and 94% specificity in identifying skin reactions, and contribute to faster and more accurate diagnosis while reducing clinician workload.

A Retrospective Analysis to Investigate Contact Sensitization in Greek Population Using Classic and Machine Learning Techniques.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an inflammatory reaction affecting all age groups and both sexes. ACD is characterized by a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction IV caused by skin contact with haptens. Chronic exposure typically leads to a decrease in erythema accompanied by lichenification (thickening and hardening of the skin) and persistent itching. The current study aims to investigate the patterns of contact sensitization in the Greek population using patch test data analysis. Patch test data from 240 patients (120 Males/120 Females) with allergic contact dermatitis were collected at the Laboratory for Patch Testing, National Reference Center for Occupational Dermatoses "Andreas Syggros" Hospital in Athens Greece. The contact allergic reactions were caused by ethylenediamine dihydrochloride 1%, thimerosal 0.5%, and methyldibromo-glutaronitrile 0.1% from the European baseline series of allergens; information was also collected for ICDRG evaluation, an extended MOAHLFA index and patient-reported outcomes (daily routine questionnaire). The chi-square test for independence and Spearman's rank were used to evaluate the association and correlation, respectively, between patient characteristics and ACD-related factors. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), which is a data analysis approach, was used to find and depict underlying structures in the data collection for nominal categorical data. Statistically significant associations were found between the following pairs of characteristics: eczema triggers and gender and eczema triggers and hand dermatitis. The results from MCA showed that there is correlation between allergic contact dermatitis onset, allergens, and demographic variables.

Simultaneous Multiple-Stages Mpox Genital Lesions on the Same Site in a Traveler to Greece: A Case Report.

A 47-year-old Caucasian traveller from an mpox (formerly monkeypox and also best suited abbreviated MPX)-endemic country was referred for a skin rash, of recent onset, confined to the genital area. The rash consisted of erythematous umbilicated papules, vesicles and pustules with a characteristic white ring. The lesions were observed simultaneously at different stages of progression on the same anatomical site, a clinical presentation that is not encountered frequently. The patient was febrile, fatigued and had blood-tinged cough. The clinical suspicion of mpox was raised, and the initial real-time PCR identified a non-variola orthopox virus, which was confirmed at the National Reference Laboratory to belong to the West African clade.

Ulvan-Based Nanofibrous Patches Enhance Wound Healing of Skin Trauma Resulting from Cryosurgical Treatment of Keloids.

Keloids are skin fibroproliferative disorders, resulting from abnormal healing of deep cutaneous injuries. Cryosurgery, the most common treatment for keloids, causes skin traumas. Even though the clinical practice of cryosurgery has increased, effective wound healing therapy is still lacking. In this investigation, nonwoven nanofibrous patches composed of ulvan, a marine sulfated polysaccharide exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and polyethylene oxide (PEO) were fabricated through electrospinning and characterized. Their wound healing efficacy on skin traumas resulting from cryosurgical treatment of keloids was clinically tested and evaluated in comparison to a reference product. Twenty-four volunteer patients undergoing cryosurgery as a treatment of keloids were selected to apply either the ulvan/PEO patch or the reference product for 21 days. The ulvan/PEO patch, 21 days after cryosurgery, showed significant wound healing, elimination of skin inflammation, restoration of biophysical parameters similar to normal values and significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration, skin texture and volume, while no discomfort or adverse reaction was observed. In contrast, the reference product showed inferior performance in all evaluated parameters. The designed ulvan/PEO patch represents the first wound dressing to effectively heal skin trauma after cryosurgical treatment of keloids.

Management of Acute Radiodermatitis in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Patients Using Electrospun Nanofibrous Patches Loaded with Pinus halepensis Bark Extract.

Acute radiodermatitis is the most common side effect in non-melanoma skin cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Nonetheless, despite the ongoing progress of clinical trials, no effective regimen has been found yet. In this study, a non-woven patch, comprised of electrospun polymeric micro/nanofibers loaded with an aqueous extract of Pinus halepensis bark (PHBE), was fabricated and clinically tested for its efficacy to prevent radiodermatitis. The bioactivity of the PHBE patch was evaluated in comparison with a medical cream indicated for acute radiodermatitis. Twelve volunteer patients were selected and randomly assigned to two groups, applying either the PHBE patch or the reference cream daily. Evaluation of radiation-induced skin reactions was performed during the radiotherapy period and 1 month afterwards according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) grading scale, photo-documentation, patient-reported outcomes (Visual Analog Scale, questionnaire), biophysical measurements (hydration, transepidermal water loss, erythema, melanin), and image analysis. In contrast with the reference product, the PHBE patch showed significant anti-inflammatory activity and restored most skin parameters to normal levels 1 month after completion of radiation therapy. No adverse event was reported, indicating that the application of the PHBE patch can be considered as a safe medical device for prophylactic radiodermatitis treatment.

Analysis of Prevalence and Risk Factors of Contact Sensitization with respect to the Occupational Profiles in a Greek Patient Cohort: A Retrospective Analysis of a Greek Referral Centre and Future Perspectives.

Contact dermatitis is a frequent skin disorder related to environmental and occupational etiological factors, which could potentially affect all age groups, as well as both genders. The current study is aimed at exploring the patterns of contact sensitization with respect to the population's occupational patterns in Greece. A retrospective analysis was performed in a cohort of 1978 patients from 2014 to 2016. Patients were divided into two categories; blue collars (BlC) and white collars (WhC), as well as detailed occupation was considered. Separation was performed on the basis of their profession, i.e., labor workers and handicraftsmen were sorted to the BlC group, while office employees were sorted to the WhC group. The common allergen in all occupational subgroups was nickel sulphate. The three most prevalent allergens in both BlC and WhC were nickel sulphate 5%, fragrance mix (I) 8%, and Balsam of Peru 25%. WhC males were uniquely sensitized to colophony 20% and formaldehyde 2%, and WhC females were uniquely sensitized to 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT) and neomycin sulphate 20%. Sensitization to allergens manifested occupation-specific patterns. Allergic contact dermatitis surveillance is of great importance towards the clinical and systematic understanding of the disease, especially with respect to the patient's occupational profile.

Omalizumab in the Treatment of Chronic Urticaria: The Effect of Drug Co-Administration and Co-Morbidities.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU) is a disease presenting typical wheals characterized by itching, angioedema or both. Although CU is, by appearance, a relatively "simple" disease, yet it has a devastating effect on those suffering due to its immense social implications. AIMS: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of omalizumab in the treatment of CSU. In particular, gender, co-administration of drugs and comorbidities were taken into account. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 108 patients (25 Males/83 Females) admitted to our department were diagnosed with CSU and were treated for 30 months. CSU was estimated on a score basis, which was used in order to define disease severity. The mean total CSU score and the mean CSU score of the first trimester, as well as the first semester, were calculated. Patients were treated with omalizumab, and in several cases, with co-administration of dapsone, cyclosporine and anti-histamines. RESULTS: Females manifested significantly higher scores as compared to males. Further on, patients who relapsed manifested significantly higher scores during the whole time course, as well as at the end of the first semester. CONCLUSION: Females are more prone to CSU. Although CSU scores in patients with remission, relapse and poor response manifested no significant difference at diagnosis, relapsed patients manifested higher CSU scores in the first semester. Therefore, the first semester of treatment is probably critical for the final patient outcome. Further studies are necessary in order to understand the mechanisms of CSU for better treatment and prognosis.

Adults' Stress Response to Unexpected Oral and Arithmetic Tasks in Supine Position.

To study the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) response before and after mental stress test in healthy adolescents and adults, is the aim of this study. Twenty healthy adults (aged 23-46 years) entered the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), after informed consent signing. The procedure was modified: (a) the participants' position was supine as ANS system changes were to be assessed, (b) the interviewers were entering and departing from the session room. Salivary cortisol (marker of HPA axis response) samples were collected at the end of the baseline and 20 min after TSST. ANS of the heart was measured with CNS Task Force Monitor in supine position and was recorded during relaxation (15 min) and after TSST. The sympathovagal balance (LF/HF ratio) for each phase was computed. Evaluations were conducted with R. The HPA axis disturbance between baseline and 20 min after TSST was significant (g = 0.545 [0.092, 0.999]) and in adolescents (whereas, the mean intervals of the sinus rhythm RR parameter were found largely changed (g = 0.834 [0.340, 1.327]). The sympathovagal balance component of heart rate variability LF/HF ratio was founded unchanged (g = 0.215 [-0.211, 0.641]). RR changes were not correlated to salivary cortisol concentrations at any phase. Mean RRIs and salivary cortisol levels were significantly increased, although HPA axis showed medium size effect. However, the systems effectively counterbalance the perturbation, since the LF/HF ratio does not change. Our findings suggest further research in stress effect on HPA and ANS cross-talk and dynamics.

Systems Approaches in the Common Metabolomics in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells: A Computational Approach.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common childhood malignancy. Rhabdomyosarcoma, on the other hand, is a rare type of malignancy which belongs to the primitive neuroectodermal family of tumors. The aim of the present study was to use computational methods in order to examine the similarities and differences of the two different tumors using two cell lines as a model, the T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia CCRF-CEM and rhabdomyosarcoma TE-671, and, in particular, similarities of the metabolic pathways utilized by two different cell types in vitro. Both cell lines were studied using microarray technology. Differential expression profile has revealed genes with similar expression, suggesting that there are common mechanisms between the two cell types, where some of these mechanisms are preserved from their ancestor embryonic cells. Expression of identified species was modeled using known functions, in order to find common patterns in metabolism-related mechanisms. Species expression manifested very interesting dynamics, and we were able to model the system with elliptical/helical functions. We discuss the results of our analysis in the context of the commonly occurring genes between the two cell lines and the respective participating pathways as far as extracellular signaling and cell cycle regulation/proliferation are concerned. In the present study, we have developed a methodology, which was able to unravel some of the underlying dynamics of the metabolism-related species of two different cell types. Such approaches could prove useful in understanding the mechanisms of tumor ontogenesis, progression, and proliferation.

Adiponectin and Its Effects on Acute Leukemia Cells: An Experimental and Bioinformatics Approach.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric malignancy. It is known that deregulation of adipokine pathways is probably implicated in the ontogenesis of ALL. The present work aims at investigating the role of adiponectin and its effects on an ALL cell line. The CCRF-CEM cells were used as a model. Cells have been treated with adiponectin, with different concentrations up to 72 h. Cytotoxicity and cell cycle distribution were investigated for all concentrations using flow cytometry. Selected concentrations were also used for additional microarray analysis, using a small gene set of cancer-related genes. Lower and higher adiponectin concentrations did not produce an inhibition of proliferation, as well as an increase in cell death. It was found that adiponectin regulated differentially genes, such as CD22, CDH1, IFNG, LCK, MSH2, SPINT2, and others. At the same time, it appeared that adiponectin-related gene expression was more active on chromosomes 18 and 1. Machine learning classification algorithms showed that several genes were grouped together indicating common regulatory mechanisms. The present study showed that adiponectin is able to induce gene differential expression in leukemic cells in vitro, suggesting a possible role in the progression of leukemia. It is also an indication that more studies are required in order to further understand the role of adiponectin and adipokines in general in the role of human neoplasms.

The Effect of Atopy in the Prevalence of Contact Sensitization: The Experience of a Greek Referral Center.

Contact dermatitis is a well-known skin condition, which is related to stimuli and environmental exposure to chemicals, affecting all ages as well as both genders. In the present work, we attempt to investigate the patterns of contact sensitization, with respect to the personal history of atopy (AT), in Greece in a large number of allergens, using patch testing. The retrospective analysis included clinical routine data of 1978 patients collected from 2014 to 2016 in the Laboratory of Patch Testing, National Referral Centre of Occupational Dermatoses. Sensitization, in all cases, was tested with 28 allergens of the European baseline series as adjusted to our local circumstances and clinical experience. A total population of 1978 patients was evaluated, with a male-to-female ratio of 0.45 (1359 females/619 males). From our patient cohort, 693 (35%) patients were evaluated with a history of atopy, while 1285 (65%) were nonatopic. The five most prevalent allergens in the total population without AT were nickel sulphate 5% (15.47%), fragrance mix (I) 8% (9.10%), balsam of Peru (6.47%), cobalt chloride 1% (4.70%), and thiomersal 0.1% (4.10%). Respectively, in the total population with AT, the five most prevalent allergens were nickel sulphate 5% (10.36%), fragrance mix (I) 8% (5.11%), balsam of Peru (3.29%), thiomersal 0.1% (3.03%), and cobalt chloride 1% (2.78%). Contact dermatitis surveillance is of great importance towards the clinical and systematic understanding of the disease. Further studies should be directed towards that end, in order to facilitate more effective health policies.

Impact of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms on vitiligo susceptibility and clinical features in a Southeastern European Caucasian population.

An association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and vitiligo has been suggested. However, previous studies have reported contradictory results while including limited data among Caucasians. The aim of this single­center study was to evaluate the effect of three common VDR gene polymorphisms (FokI, TaqI and BsmI) on susceptibility and clinical aspects of vitiligo in a Southeastern European Caucasian population. A total of 110 unrelated vitiligo cases and 509 general population controls were enrolled from October 2018 to November 2019. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood after de­identification and anonymization of the samples and genotyped for the selected VDR polymorphisms by the qPCR (melting curve analysis). Subgroup analysis by clinical features among subsets of patients indicated that, compared to subjects with the FokI TT genotype or T allele, carriers of the FokI CC genotype or C allele exhibited significantly decreased risk of developing vitiligo before the age of 30 [TT vs. CC: odds ratio (OR)=0.286, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.083­0.984, P=0.041; T vs. C: OR=0.545, 95% CI: 0.313­0.948, P=0.031]. Intra­patient analysis also revealed that, compared to T allele, the presence of TaqI C allele was adversely associated with the incidence of concurrent leukotrichia (T vs. C: OR=1.874, 95% CI: 1.018­3.451, P=0.042). Comparisons between the case and control groups showed no evidence to support an association between susceptibility to vitiligo and the VDR BsmI, TaqI, and FokI polymorphisms in this cohort. Thus, the studied VDR polymorphisms might indirectly impact the clinical course and treatment decision­making despite their lack of association with vitiligo per se. Further research with larger sample sizes, especially across Caucasian individuals, should be performed to confirm these findings.

Prevalence of Cervico-vaginal High-risk HPV Types and Other Sexually Transmitted Pathogens in Anogenital Warts Patients.

AIM: To investigate the prevalence of cervico-vaginal co-infection with high-risk (HR) HPV types and other sexually transmitted pathogens (STPs) in women with anogenital warts (AGWs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, cervico-vaginal smears of women with AGWs were examined with real-time polymerase chain reaction for the presence of HR-HPV types and common STPs. Women with recent cervical HPV infection and general population were used for comparisons. RESULTS: A total of 689 women participated in the study. Among the examined groups, higher rates of cervico-vaginal co-infection with HR-HPV types and other STPs collectively were recorded in women with AGWs (p=0.0049 and p<0.004, respectively). Within the AGWs group, cervical co-infection with HR-HPV types was detected more often in women with recurrent disease (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The higher rates of cervico-vaginal co-infection with HR-HPV types and common STPs in women with AGWs may affect their risk for cervical carcinogenesis and the natural course of their disease.

Time-Dependent Effects in Chronic Urticaria: A Time-Series Perspective of Omalizumab Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU, or CU) is a disease that significantly affects the quality of life of patients. It is a chronic disease and requires a specialized approach to diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, the disease has been of great interest due to the existence of new targeted therapeutic approaches. AIM: The present study aims at analyzing CU score concerning time, as a time-series. The authors have attempted to model the investigated time-series to unravel possible causative relationships. METHODS: 108 patients (25Males/83Females) admitted to our department were diagnosed with CU. CU was estimated on a score basis, which was used to define disease severity. Urticaria score was assessed on the basis of Urticaria Activity Score 7 (UAS7). The mean CU score, the mean CU score rate concerning the first month at diagnosis as well as the monthly CU score rate were calculated. RESULTS: Gender is a factor that influences CU score with time. In addition, there was a significant finding that time-series differ with the administration of monotherapy or complementary therapy. CONCLUSION: We have found that females are more prone to CU, while omalizumab monotherapy has more beneficial results as compared to the application of concurrent and maintenance therapies. Further, patients with co-morbidities were more likely to interrupt treatment. Finally, and most significantly, it was shown that monthly CU score rate manifested an oscillatory pattern, which was modelled with the sum of sines functions, highlighting a relative immunological pattern.