Does the addition of virtual reality training to a standard program of inpatient rehabilitation improve sitting balance ability and function after stroke? Protocol for a single-blind randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Sitting ability and function are commonly impaired after stroke. Balance training has been shown to be helpful, but abundant repetitions are required for optimal recovery and patients must be motivated to perform rehabilitation exercises repeatedly to maximize treatment intensity. Virtual reality training (VRT), which allows patients to interact with a virtual environment using computer software and hardware, is enjoyable and may encourage greater repetition of therapeutic exercises. However, the potential for VRT to promote sitting balance has not yet been explored. The objective of this study is to determine if supplemental VRT-based sitting balance exercises improve sitting balance ability and function in stroke rehabilitation inpatients. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a single-site, single-blind, parallel-group randomized control trial. Seventy six stroke rehabilitation inpatients who cannot stand independently for greater than one minute but can sit for at least 20 minutes (including at least one minute without support) are being recruited from a tertiary-care dedicated stroke rehabilitation unit. Participants are randomly allocated to experimental or control groups. Both participate in 10-12 sessions of 30-45 minutes of VRT performed in sitting administered by a single physiotherapist, in addition to their traditional therapy. The experimental group plays five games which challenge sitting balance while the control group plays five games which minimize trunk lean. Outcome measures of sitting balance ability (Function in Sitting Test, Ottawa Sitting Scale, quantitative measures of postural sway) and function (Reaching Performance Scale, Wolf Motor Function Test, quantitative measures of the limits of stability) are administered prior to, immediately following, and one month following the intervention by a second physiotherapist blind to the participant's group allocation. DISCUSSION: The treatment of sitting balance post-stroke with VRT has not yet been explored. Results from the current study will provide important evidence for the use of low-cost, accessible VRT as an adjunct intervention to increase sitting balance in lower-functioning patients receiving inpatient rehabilitation. The motivating and enjoyable attributes of VRT may increase exercise dosage, leading to improved function and optimal results from rehabilitation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/; Identifier: NCT02285933. Registered 06 November 2014. Funded by the Heart & Stroke Foundation of Canada and a generous donation from Tony & Elizabeth Graham.

Voluntary and automatic recruitment of superficial and deep abdominal muscles in adults with and without cystic fibrosis.

UNLABELLED: Recruitment patterns of the superficial and deep abdominal muscles have been well documented in the general population, but not in a group of individuals with a chronic cough, such as individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), which may alter the recruitment patterns between the abdominal muscles. Therefore the two objectives of this study were (1) to identify whether recruitment of the superficial and deep abdominal muscles during abdominal hollowing (AH) and unilateral leg load (ULL) tasks differed between individuals with CF and a non-CF control group (C); and (2) to compare the muscle activity between the superficial and deep abdominal muscles across these tasks. METHODS: Twenty-eight participants (14 with CF and 14 controls) performed (i) AH in supine at three target pressures of a pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) and (ii) a right-sided ULL. Surface electromyography (EMG) of the abdominal muscles was recorded and the amplitude of the signal was normalized to a maximum value (% max). RESULTS: A 3-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a muscle × task interaction during the AH, but no between group differences. Bonferonni post hoc tests on pooled data showed the deep abdominal muscles to be significantly more active than the superficial muscles. A 2-way repeated measure ANOVA indicated no group differences during the ULL. DISCUSSION: The results of this study demonstrate that adults with stable CF do not recruit their abdominal muscles differently from healthy control subjects during the AH and the ULL tasks. This suggests that coughing is not a risk factor for developing abdominal muscles imbalances in adults with cystic fibrosis.